Bowling for Columbine Is Not a Documentary Essay Example for Free

Bowling for aquilege Is not a Documentary EssayMichael Moores Bowling for Columbine, the film which won an Oscar for best documentary, is not in fact a documentary, but rather more of a persuasive essay in film format. The widely accepted definition of documentary is a film emphasizing or expressing things as perceived with come on distortion of personal feelings, insertion of fictional matter, and minimal editting, and Bowling for Columbine does not memorialize any of these characteristics. Instead of presenting a neutral view of the issues, it is clearly biased and purposely manipulates the viewers into agreeing with Moores opinions. In the process, Moore frequently uses incorrect statistics and information. In some cases fabricated evidence is also inserted. Documentaries should have mingy to no editing of the evidence, however in some cases Moore uses sly editing techniques to deceive the viewers. A dramatic example of this can be seen in Charlton Hestons speech. It appe ars as though the NRA president is holding take issue rallies in response to the gun related incidents in Columbine and Flint Michigan, holding a musket up and proclaiming I have only five words for you from my cold dead hands whilst the crowd cheers.Moore makes a point of cutting from scenes of heartbroken victims to Hestons arrogant speeches. The purpose of this is to demonize Heston, and also all the members of the NRA. He wants the auditory modality to perceive all gun lovers as heartless, selfish monsters. However on closer observation, it turns out Moore simply grabbed segments from Hestons former speeches, splicing them together to form a new one, completely diametrical from what the president had intended. Documentaries are meant to lay out the truth, whilst here the film has morphed the truth into a lie instead.going away back to the definition, Bowling for Columbine again falls short of being a documentary by means of its failure to include only correct, factual eviden ce. Moore chooses to use incorrect facts the national gun tally statistics that seem abnormally high are sourced from the National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and is a confederacy of gun related and non gun related incidents, so is at that placefore irrelevant to what the documentary was trying to say.The rockets shown in the Lockheed Martin sequences and being driven though the streets of Littleton in the night are in fact space piece vehicles, not weapons of mass destruction as Moore claims. These facts, false in nature, are again put there to distort the truth and make the viewers believe that things are more horrifying than they actually are, so that they are more susceptible to Moores mental manipulation. One of the fundamentals of a documentary is that it essential present facts, and obviously Bowling for Columbine has not fulfilled that requirement.Throughout Bowling for Columbine, Moore presents an exceedingly biased view of events. Moore does everything in his power to manipulate viewers into see things from his eyes. Many are more persuasive techniques are used to achieve this. The film horrifies the audience with confronting scenes from the 9/11 attacks and the Columbine shooting. A Brief History of America makes people see Americans as cowardly and pathetic. Charlton Hestons speech angers the audience and makes them turn against gun lovers.There are many more examples, however the point is that documentaries should be neutral and informative, yet the film actively tries to force the viewers to a narrow-minded conclusion. In summary, although Bowling for Columbine may be a creative persuasive film, it is most certainly not a documentary. non only does the film fail to adhere in any way to the definition of a traditionalistic documentary, it largely utilises deceptive techniques to push Moores artificial and contrived point of view.

Analysis of the Bill No. AB 29 Essay Example for Free

depth psychology of the business relationship No. AB 29 EssayThe short letter con officered for this paper is broadsheet No. AB 29, authored by Price and Swanson, with line of business Healthc be Cover come along. The criterion was introduced in 1st December 2008 and amended on the 24th of process 2010. 1. Overview of the wellness problem Based from the analyses supportd for the bill, this bill has been proposed and argued for on the grounds that it has the ability to curve statistics for the largest uninsured particle of the population in California which is comprised of teen ripenrs aged 19-23 (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This age range, consisting the 27. 3% of the uninsured individualists in California, has been excluded from eligibility to lift upd wellness tutelage benefits under their parents redress policy reportage, on the basis of age (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This then, according to the research presented by the prop wholenessnts of the bill, disposes these individuals of this age to seek their indemnification reportage somewhere and shoulder the cost themselves (Bill Analysis, 2009, p.3). The cost of which may be considered expensive for these people to handle and thus, they prefer to skip making applications (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This is the flowing situation in California, and one which the bill specifically targets to address. The bill seeks to extend the underage insurance reporting for checkup insurance of children up to 27 days of age.While the existing legal provide- excessively those apparent in Knox and Keene Health Service shell out Plan of 1975- do non impose whatsoever restrictions to the current conditions imposed by employers on matters concerning the medical insurance reporting for dependent children, the statistics for insured population belonging to the four-year-old adult group rest to be tall and these statistics cause an alarming reality of the current status of entranceibility to bo re health concern by the infantile adult population.The bill seeks to extend the medical insurance coverage of children who rent been considered as dependents of their parents. For parents whose insurance coverage is paid for by the employer, the bill provides them the opportunity to maintain the dependent coverage for their children by making payments of the additional premiums (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4) Presently, children who reach the age of 21 or by and by they graduate spunky school or college are disabled from further being enrolled as dependents of their parents for premium coverage or health care insurance.This scenario reveals that this special(a) group of individuals pass on remain to get neglected, as far as matters about fair and equal accessibility to heath care insurance policies are concerned if no actions are done now to at lest protect them from being excluded from necessary accesses. This bill will push the almost 30% uninsured population of California, a s well as the number of insurance companies and employers whoa re currently providing health care insurance overage for parents whose children or who accommodate some(prenominal) children that belong to this item age-group.2. Severity of the health problem As there are no existing legal provisions that would discourage the current situation, this business culture presents a unsafe problem for any society who puts high importance to the accessibility of quality healthcare to its citizens, regardless of age. The current practices regarding the admission of young adults for medical coverage under their parents insurance accounts have very stringent rules.The background research provided in the Bill Analysis identify that most parents who cover their children as listed beneficiaries of medical coverage that is under their insurance account are working parents whom medical coverage was obtained though the employers provisions. However, the existing sustainment between the employer a nd most insurance providers revolutionise young adults eligibility to remain beneficiaries under their parents insurance account on ii grounds (1) if they are non enrolled in college for full-time or (2) after the children turn 19, graduate from high school, or graduate from college (Bill Analysis, 2009, p.3). The gravitational force of the reality of the situation is compounded by the fact that, according to the research background provided in the Bill Analysis, young adults encounter difficulty applying for medical insurance coverage and getting accepted with their applications (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This reality is found on several reasons. According to the research background provided in the bill analysis, statistics show that these particular age range, the young adult population, often end up with low paying jobs and hold temporary positions (Bill Analysis, 2009, p.3). Thus, they receive meager salaries and are excluded from receiving health insurance benefits provi ded for by the company as one of the incentives employees get (Bill Analysis, 2009, pp. 3-4). alive legal provisions also support exclusion of this particular age range from being legal to receive benefits from public programs if they are considered healthy and childless (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4).According to the presented report on public programs in the Bill Analysis, children are only included in the Medi-Cal program before they reach the age of 21, after which, they are pretty much on their own. Only young adults with children, pregnant, or with disability are dependant to receive the benefits of the program of the Medi-Cal (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). The risks associated with the present circumstances are high. Generally, it curves down the access of this particular population to quality health care (Bill Analysis, 2009, p.4). This leaves serious implications to the young adult and his or her family. The most obvious is that, in topic of medical emergencies, a large-out of the pocket expenses would be required from the family if the young adult patient happens to be not cover by any health care insurance policy (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). 3. Overview of the bill The bill has undergone two Assembly Committee Analyses and one Senate Committee Analysis on the 28th and 14th of April 2008 and on the twenty-sixth of March 2009, respectively.This bill inserts some additional conditions and requirements to the existing Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan phone number of 1975 (Knox-Keene Act). Essentially, the bill requires the lifting of the existing age limit implemented by employers and health care insurance providers upon dependent coverage and provide the conditions under which these additional requirements can be fulfilled without necessarily passing the costs of which to employers health care insurance firms.Specifically, it targets to impose these four conditions First, the bill would prohibit, with a specified exception, the limiting age for depe ndent children covered by these health care service plan contracts and group health insurance policies from being less than 27 years of age (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, par. 2). Secondly, the bill would also provide that no employer is required to pay the cost of coverage for dependents who are at least 23 years of age, but less than 27 years of age.The bill instead would authorize subscribers and insureds to elect to provide coverage tot hose dependents by contributing the premium for that coverage (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, par. 2). Thirdly, while the arrangement of California requires the reimbursements of costs to local agencies and school districts based in the mandate of the state, the bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, pars.4-5). Lastly, the bill imposes that any violations of the additional requirements it has on the Know-Keene Act is to be considered a crime (Legislativ e Counsels Digest, 2009, par. 3). Section 1 of the bill stipulates conditions requiring the deletion of age limit to criteria eligibility and changing the age limit of the child into twenty-seven.This section also provides that the plan contract should not specify any conditions leading to the individuals exemption from Medi-Cals benefits automatic inclusion to benefits entitlement of children and spouses to medical coverage upon irregular of birth, or in case of adopted child, from the moment that the legal documents for adoption have been signed or any document stating that the responsibility for health care for the adopted is admitted by the individual adopting and no plan contract shall be entered upon if there exist conditions in the plan that waive or disclaim or state any other terms of boundary that apply to newborn infants or to adopted children, and allowing the firms to either offer or not mental health and eye health services (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 1, A-G). The section 2 of the bill stipulates the conditions that plan holders have the freedom to choose the medical professional they prefer and that this selection would not be under the finesse of the health insurance firm provider, except for mental and vision health care professionals (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 2, A-D).The Section 3 of the bill reinforces that none of the provisions included in the bill supports or tolerates the surgical procedure of any medical activity by any licensed someone who does not have the susceptibility to do so, the chosen medical or licensed professional should perform on that which is within the celestial sphere of his or her specialization. The Section 4 of the Bill stipulates the definition of marriage and family therapist. The section states that the person should be a licensed professional who has received specific instructions that are equivalent with the instructions or learning required for the January 1, 1981 licensure tes t (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 4).This section 5 of the Bill requires that the vision and/ or mental health care professional to be chosen by the plan holder should be one that is affiliated with the health insurance provider (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 5). This section also suggests progress to availability of psychologists provided by health insurance firms that offer mental services however, the failure to comply does not constitute a crime (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 5). The Section 6 of the Bill states that the definition for individual practice association adopted in the Bill is consistent with the definition used in the Sec. 1307 of the national Public health service Act (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 6).The rest of the bill also negotiation about that a child, 18 years of age and enrolled fulltime in auxiliary or post secondary school, and enrolled in a medical coverage remains to be eligible during break from schools (Legis lative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 7) any child who takes medical leave from school and whose conditions render him physically incapable of maintaining self-employment, the provisions stipulated in (D) applies if the child is primarily dependent on the policy holder (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 6) requires that the health insurance firm informs about the termination of coverage if the child reaches appropriate age (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec.7) calmness of certification of the medical necessity for leave of absence is necessary to be made to the health care insurance firm within thirty days after the first day of the leave of absence (Legislative Counsels Digest, 2009, Sec. 7). 4. Promises/ Expected Outcome The promises and expected outcome of the bill would definitely be unequivocal in the statistics concerning the number of young adults without insurance coverage. With the outright provision that lifts the age-limit and substitute it with longer age, the population of young adults without any insurance coverage will be decreased. The Bill also allows better access to health care options for this particular segment of people (young adults).It also relieves the parents the worries that in case of serious medical emergencies involving a young adult of their family, very high of the pocket costs would be required for medication. 5. Supporters of the bill This bill, with its current status of being proposed, receives a great deal of support from concerned individuals and different organizations. According to the Bill Analysis report, supporters of the proposal include the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the California Commission on the Status of Women, the California health check Association, and Health Access California American Federation of State, and County ad Municipal Employees (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). These groups supporting the bill agree in two major points.Firstly, it is pointed out that the bill pro vides a very good channel for young adults who still rely upon their parents for financial assistance to remain covered by adequate health insurance coverage, especially at the current time when there is difficulty securing and maintaining health care coverage for this particular age group (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). Secondly, it is argued that the proposed provision that allows employees to shoulder premiums for the health care insurance coverage of their children who belong in this particular age range can be translated into additional revenues for the state, aside from the fact that there will be a peace of mind for parents that comes with the awareness that every member of their family is being adequately covered (Bill Analysis, 2009, pp. 4-5). 6. Opponents of the bill Not everyone welcomes the proposal of the bill though.According to the Bill Analysis Report, the opponents of the proposed bill include the representatives of health plans, health insurance firms, as well as empl oyers. The arguments are always associated with financial risks and additional costs that the firms may incur once the bill is passed and implemented. These groups argue that the inclusions of this particular age group for eligibility to receive coverage under premiums paid for by their parents, until the age of 27, would only result to the conflict between the premiums and the existing federal official tax rules referring to deductibility of taxes imposed on health insurance premiums (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5).More than that, however, the proposed bill does not give generous allowance of time and opportunity for the concerned parties (insurance provider firms and employers) to calculate and predict the risk and costs that they business leader incur when the extension for the eligibility for insurance coverage, under premiums paid for by the parents, for this particular age group is in conclusion implemented (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5). These opponents that such drastic a change might result to employers totally waiving off the coverage for dependents completely due to increased costs and risks the bill can cause them to incur (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5). 7. Recommendation This bill contains provisions that, in my view, bring only positive contributions in improving the health care access to young adults. However, I need to agree with the insurance firms and employers that it does not seem to tackle the other side of the coin to make the arguments well-balanced.In other words, no attention has been given yet, neither is there any detail in the bill that indicates research has been done to ensure that risks and costs would not cause serious problems with insurance firms and companies in the future. References http//www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_29_bill_20090324_amended_asm_v98. html http//www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_29_cfa_20090326_100055_sen_comm. html http//www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab _0001-0050/ab_29_cfa_20090413_093510_asm_comm. html http//www. leginfo. ca. gov/cgi-bin/postquery? bill_number=ab_29sess=CURhouse=Bauthor=price

Latar belakang kawasan kajian

Latar belakang kawasan kajian3.1 PENGENALANDalam bab ini, perkara yang dibincangkan adalah tentang latar belakang kawasan kajian dan aspek yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan lokasi kajian, penduduk, sosio-ekonomi, guna tanah, perindustrian dan lain-lain. Dalam bab ini, isu kesan perindustrian seperti pencemaran dibincangkan. Bab ini, pembaca akan memahami secara lebih mendalam tentang kawasan kajian. dengan mengetahui secara lebih mendalam latar belakang kawasan kajian, penkaji akan dapat memahami dan menerangkan secara menyeluruh tentang kawasan kajian.3.2 PEMBANGUNAN DI MALAYSIAPembangunan adalah sesuatu aspek yang penting dan sentiasa diutamakan oleh kebanyakan negara yang sedang membangun dan negara maju. Di Malaysia, pembangunan adalah satu agenda penting yang diberi keutamaan kerana Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang sedang membangun. Pembangunan di sini bermaksud pembangunan ekonomi, politik, sosial, dan lain-lain. Jika dilihat kembali sejarah monkey pod Batu Awal, manusia sud ah mula berusaha mencipta peralatan-peralatan dan pengangkutan untuk memudahkan kehidupan mereka. Secara lahiriah, setiap manusia sudah pasti ingin mengecapi pembangunan dan pemodenan serta gaya hidup yang mudah dan berkualiti. Oleh itu, kita tidak dapat menghalang pembangunan sesebuah negara.Di kebanyakan negara maju dan negara sedang membangun, pembangunan ekonomi adalah sesuatu yang paling penting dan sentiasa diutamakan. Revolusi perindustrian adalah salah satu agen dan pemangkin kepada pembangunan ekonomi sesebuah negara. Revolusi perindustrian di Malaysia telah bemula sejak tahun 1970-an lagi. Revolusi perindustrian ini adalah salah satu langkah mencapai Wawasan 2020. Usaha mencapai Wawasan 2020 terbukti dengan pembangunan sektor perindustrian, pertanian, perumahan dan sebagainya. Setiap negeri di Malaysia mempunyai kawasan Perindustriannya sendiri. Contohnya, Shah Alam (Selangor), Mergong (Kedah) dan lain-lain.3.2 PEMBANGUNAN DI KEDAHNegeri Kedah merupakan salah sebuah negeri daripada 14 negeri yang terdapat di Malaysia. Negeri Kedah terletak di utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Lokasi negeri Kedah adalah bersempadanan dengan 3 negeri dah 1 negara iaitu Perlis (Barat Laut), Pulau pinang (Barat Daya), Perak (Selatan) dan Thailand (Utara).Kedah Darul Aman merupakan sebuah negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia yang kaya dengan hasil pertanian. Kedah mempunyai keluasan lebih kurang 9,426km. Kedah terletak di Utara semenanjung Malaysia yang berhadapan dengan Selat Melaka. Kedah merupakan salah sebuah negeri Agraria (pertanian) yang mempunyai banyak kawasan pertanian padi serta perkampungan nelayan. Negeri Kedah juga dikenali sebagai negeri Jelapang Padi kerana hasil pertanian padi yang banyak.Perindustrian membawa kepada pertumbuhan penduduk dan wujudnya banyak bandar-bandar baru. Kawasan perindustrian biasanya mempunyai tahap kepadatan penduduk yang sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan bancian pada tahun 2003, Kedah mempunyai populasi penduduk sebanyak 1,778,188 orang. Daripada i tu, populasi penduduk yang berbangsa Melayu adalah kaum terbesar dengan 75%, diikuti kaum Cina iaitu sebanyak 15%, kaum India sebanyak 7%, Bukan warganegara sebanyak 1.6%, lain-lain kaum sebanyak 1.4%.Negeri Kedah terbahagi kepada 9 buah daerah yang kecil. Daerah-daerah tersebut adalah Daerah Kubang Pasu, Daerah Padang Terap, Daerah Yan, Daerah Pendang, Daerah Kuala Muda, Daerah Sik, Daerah Baling, Daerah Kulim dan Daerah Alor Setar. Di setiap daerah ini, terdapat aktiviti-aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh penduduk tempatan. Sebagai contoh, aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan di Daerah Pendang adalah pertanian padi basah, Revolusi Perindustrian di Kedah tertumpu di Kulim dan Mergong.Pembangunan perindustrian ini semakin rancak dan membesar. Semakin banyak kilang dibina berhampiran dengan kawasan perumahan, pusat rekreasi dan sungai. Pembangunan yang tidak terancang boleh mendatangkan masalah manusia dan alam sekitar.3.3 LATAR BELAKANG KAWASAN MERGONGNegeri Kedah Darul Aman mempunya i 11 buah daerah. Daerah Kota Setar adalah ibu negeri Kedah. Terdapat 34 buah mukim dalam daerah Kota Setar. Salah sebuah mukim yang terdapat dalam Daerah Kota Setar adalah Mergong. Mergong adalah salah sebuah mukim yang sangat terkenal dan menjadi tumpuan penduduk. Kawasan Mergong ini adalah sebuah kawasan perindustrian. Sebelum pembinaan kawasan perindustrian ini, kawasan ini kurang menjadi tumpuan penduduk. Apabila kawasan ini dibangunkan menjadi kawasan perindustrian yang utama di Kedah, kawasan ini mula didiami penduduk. Ini kerana terdapatnya peluang pekerjaan yang banyak dalam sektor perindustrian serta jaringan pengangkutan yang dimajukan. Ini telah menyebabkan pertambahan penduduk di kawasan Mergong semakin meningkat.Daerah Kota Setar sudah lama wujud. Mengikut sejarah, daerah kota setar telah wujud sejak awal abad ke-16. Daerah Kota Setar ini telah berkembang pesat dan akhirnya diishtiharkan sebagai Bandaraya Alor Setar pada 21 Disember 2003. Daerah Kota Setar ini mempunya i keluasan 666 km. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini meliputi 60.45 hektar daripada jumlah keluasan daerah Kota Setar.3.4 CIRI-CIRI FIZIKALBagi melihat ciri-ciri fizikal kawasan perindustrian Mergong, pengkaji telah mengenalpasti ciri-ciri bentuk muka bumi, iklim dan cuaca, tumbuh-tumbuhan semulajadi serta saliran dan perparitan di Daerah Kota Setar.3.4.1 Bentuk Muka Bumi Kawasan daerah Kota Setar terdiri daripada kawasan tanah pamah yang landai. Dianggarkan sebanyak 85% daripada kawasan di Daerah Kota Setar adalah kawasan tanah pamah. Di kawasan tanah pamah ini, pelbagai jenis aktiviti dijalankan seperti, perindustrian, perniagaan, kawasan pentadbiran, kawasan perumahan, kawasan bandar, kawasan pertanian dan lain-lain. Kawasan tanah pamah sangat sesuai dibangunkan sebagai pusat bandar dan pembinaan sistem pengangkutan yang baik.Daerah Kota Setar disaliri oleh 3 buah anak sungai iaitu Sungai Mempelam, Sungai Gunung Sali, dan Sungai Alor Terus. Kawasan tanah pamah yang luas ini juga telah mempengaruhi kegiatan ekonomi penduduk. Contohnya, kawasan tanah pamah yang luas dan subur serta sistem saliran yang baik telah membolehkan kebanyak penduduk menjalankan kegiatan pertanian. Terdapat sedikit kawasan tanah tinggi di daerah Kota Setar. Kawasan tanah tinggi ini adalah kawasan di sekeliling Gunung Kerian. Kawasan di Gunung Kerian ini mempunyai kepadatan penduduk yang rendah serta sistem jalan raya yang kurang baik.3.4.2 Cuaca dan Iklim Malaysia terletak berhampiran dengan garisan Khatulistiwa. Kedudukan ini menentukan jenis iklim yang dialami oleh sesebuah negara. Oleh itu, Kedah mengalami iklim Khatulistiwa atau iklim Hutan Hujan Tropika. Iklim jenis ini tidak mengalami musim panas atau musim sejuk yang nyata. Ini bermaksud, Malaysia mengalami panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun. Jumlah hujan atau nilai kerpasan minimum yang dicatat sekurang-kurangnya 60mm. Selain itu, perubahan suhu harian adalah antara 2C (36F) dan 5C (41F).Jumlah hujan yang turun di Alor Setar ada lah mengikut musim dan masa. Jangkaan jumlah hujan sebulan di Alor Setar pada Januari dan Februari adalah kurang daripada 80mm. Keadaan ini adalah kerana keadaan cuaca yang sangat kering. Bermula dari bulan Mac hingga Oktober, jumlah hujan yang turun mula meningkat. Jumlah hujan yang turun pada masa ini adalah sebanyak 110-160mm. Pada bulan November, jumlah hujan yang turun meningkat iaitu antara 150-250mm. Pada masa ini, rebut petir diiringi dengan hujan lebat berlaku dengan kerap pada sebelah petang. Pada bulan disember pula, jumlah hujan mula berkurangan iaitu kurang daripada 150mm.Selain itu, hujan di kawasan iklim Khatulistiwa mempunyai adalah lebat iaitu hujan perolakan. Kedah terletak di pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia dan di bahagian utara yang berhampiran dengan Negara Thailand. Thailand dan kawasan sekitarnya mengalami iklim Monsun Tropika. Ini menyebabkan negeri Perlis dan Kedah mengalami sedikit ciri iklim Monsun Tropika. Ini menyebabkan sesetengah kawasan di Negeri Ke dah mempunyai perbezaan suhu yang ketara. Oleh itu, tumbuh-tumbuhan yang sesuai ditanam di bumi Kedah dengan iklim khatulistiwa adalah padi basah, kelapa sawit, getah, dan lain-lain.3.4.3 Tumbuh-Tumbuhan Semulajadi Iklim dan cuaca merupakan faktor yang sangat penting mempengaruhi jenis tanaman atau tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terdapat di sesuatu kawasan. Di daerah Kota Setar, tumbuhan yang sesuai ditanam adalah padi basah. Ini kerana tanah di daerah Alor Setar ini adalah tanih jenis alluvium. Tanih ini sangat sesuai untuk pertanian. Selain itu, tanaman yang sesuai adalah pelbagai jenis sayur-sayuran. Sebelum Malaysia mencapai kemerdekaan, kawasan di daerah ini telah digunakan untuk pertanian padi basah.Petani-petani di kawasan ini kebanyakannya telah menjual tanah pertanian mereka untuk tujuan pembangunan seperti pembinaan kawasan perindustrian. Segelintir petani sahaja yang masih meneruskan aktiviti pertanian mereka kerana mereka masih mencintai tanah pusaka mereka. Ini menyebabkan petani -petani itu menerima pelbagai kesan daripada perindustrian yang juga terdapat di kawasan tersebut. Antara tanaman lain yang terdapat di kawasan ini adalah pokok pisang, getah dan lain-lain.3.4.4 Sistem Perparitan dan SaliranKawasan Mergong ini disaliri oleh 3 cawangan daripada Sungai Kedah iaitu Sungai Mempelam, Sungai Gunung Sali, dan Sungai Alor Terus yang saling berhubung antara satu sama lain. Ketiga-tiga sungai ini bermula dan bersambung dengan Sungai Kedah. Sungai Mempelam melalui kawasan perindustrian Mergong dan kawasan kediaman Kampung Mempelam. Sungai Gunung Sali merentasi kawasan perindustrian Mergong 1 dan Mergong 2. Sungai Alor Terus juga mengairi kawasan di pinggir kawasan perindustrian Mergong 1 dan Mergong 2 tetapi lebih banyak dilalui kawasan perniagaan di sekitar Mergong.Daerah Kota Setar juga disaliri oleh terusan yang terkanal iaitu Terusan Wan felt up Saman. Terusan ini merupakan terusan yang terpanjang di Malaysia. Terusan sepanjang 36 km ini telah dibina pada tahun 1885. Terusan ini menghubungkan Sungai Kedah di Alor Setar hingga ke Kaki Gunung Jerai di Gurun iaitu di selatan Kedah. Terusan Wan Mat Saman ini berfungsi ini mengairi kawasan pertanian padi di Kedah.3.5 KEPENDUDUKANNegeri Kedah mempunyai bilangan penduduk yang sederhana padat. Mengikut data daripada Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, jumlah penduduk Kedah pada tahun 2009 adalah seramai 2 juta orang. Daripada angka ini, jumlah penduduk di Daerah Kota Setar mencatat bilangan penduduk yang paling ramai. Jumlah penduduk di Daerah Kota Setar adalah seramai 429,900 orang penduduk. Daripada jumlah ini, seramai 214,100 orang adalah lelaki dan 215,800 orang adalah perempuan.Mergong adalah salah sebuah mukim yang terdapat dalam Daerah Kota Setar. Jumlah penduduk di mukim Mergong ini adalah seramai 20,300 orang iaitu 10,100 adalah lelaki dan 10,200 adalah perempuan. Bilangan penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini didapati meningkat berbanding pada tahun 2000. Pertambahan penduduk ini adlah disebab kan pembinaan kawasan perindustrian Mergong. Apabila kawasan perindustrian Mergong dibina, kawasan ini menjadi tumpuan penduduk kerana pertambahan kemudahan jaringan jalan raya dan wujudnya banyak peluang pekerjaan. Oleh itu, terdapat pertambahan penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini.3.6 KEGIATAN EKONOMIDi Daerah Alor Setar, terdapat pelbagai aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh penduduk setempat. Antara aktiviti-aktiviti ekonomi yang dijalankan adalah seperti pertanian, perindustrian, perniagaan dan lain-lain.3.6.1 PertanianSebelum kawasan Mergong ini dibangunkan sebagai kawasan perindustrian, kawasan ini adalah kawasan pertanian padi basah. Kawasan ini diusahakan oleh petani-petani tempatan di tanah pusaka. Pada mulanya, kawasan pertanian di Mergong ini adalah sangat luas. Apabila kawasan ini hendak dibangunkan dan dimajukan sebagai kawasan perindustrian, kebanyakkan tanah-tanah pertanian itu dibeli oleh pemilik-pemilik kilang. Ini kerana kebanyakkan golongan yang tiggal di kawasan Mer gong pada ketika ini adalah golongan muda. Apabila kawasan ini dibina kilang dan dimajukan, guna tanah kawasan ini telah berubah daripada pertanian kepada perindustrian.Pada masa sekarang, masih terdapat sebilangan kecil tanah yang masih digunakan sebagai pertanian. Kawasan ini diusahakan oleh sebilangan kecil petani yang kebanyakkannya adalah golongan tua yang sangat mencintai alam sekitar. Apabila kawasan ini digunakan untuk pertanian, kawasan ini akan mengalami masalah kerana tanah pertanian ini adalah berhampiran dengan kawasan perindustrian. Tahap kesuburan tanih pertanian ini agak terjejas berikutan kesan daripada pembinaan kawasan perindustrian di kawasan ini. Sungai Kedah yang menyaliri kawasan pertanian ini tercemar dengan sisa daripada kilang. Ini memberi kesan negatif kepada kegiatan pertanian di kawasan ini.3.6.2. Industri KilangMukim Mergong merupakan sebuah kawasan pertanian yang luas dan subur. Kawasan Mergong ini sangat subur kerana kedudukannya adalah berhampiran de ngan Sungai Kedah yang melalui kawasan ini. Mergong kemudiannya dibangunkan sebagai kawasan perindustrian yang utama di Kedah. Di kawasan perindustrian ini, terdapat banyak kilang yang terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis perindustrian.Terdapat 3 jenis industri di kawasan Mergong ini iaitu industri ringan, industri sederhana dan industri berat. Industri ringan di kawasan ini adalah kilang-kilang pembuatan bahan-bahan makanan seperti industri keropok, gula-gula dan sebagainya. Kilang-kilang yang berasaskan industri ringan ini adalah paling banyak di kawasan Mergong ini. Industri sederhana pula mempunyai bilangan yang kedua terbanyak di kawasan Perindustrian Mergong. Antara contoh-contoh kilang yang berasaskan industri sederhana adalah kilang pakaian, kilang perabot, kilang pembuatan kicap, kilang papan kilang pembuatan roti dan sebagainya.Kategori industri ketiga adalah industri berat. Bilangan industri berat kawasan Mergong adalah paling sedikit. Walaupun bilangan industri berat ini adal ah sedikit, tetapi kilang-kilang industri berat inilah yang telah menjadi titik permulaan kepada pembukaan kawasan Perindustrian Mergong ini. Antara kilang yang paling awal di buka di kawasan Perindustrian Mergong ini adalah Kilang Sime Tyres iaitu kilang pembuatan tayar yang terkenal. Antara kilang kilang lain yang mengusahakan industri berat adalah kilang beras, kilang pembuatan cecair nitrogen, kilang simen, kilang pembuatan tayar kenderaan berat, kilang pembuatan kapal dan bot-bot kecil, bengkel membaiki kereta.Berdasarkan kepada laporan MBAS (2000), terdapat lebih 600 buah kilang di kawasan ini. Kilang-kilang yang terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis dan ketegori. Antara jenis industri yang utama di kawasan Mergong ini adalah industri ringan, industri pembuatan dan perkhidmatan serta industri berat. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini menyediakan lebih kurang 40,000 peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk.3.6.3 Perniagaan Kawasan Mergong ini adalah sebuah kawasan yang sangat berhampiran den gan pusat bandar iaitu Bandaraya Alor Setar. Di kawasan Mergong ini, terdapat pelbagai aktiviti ekonomi. Antara aktiviti ekonomi yang utama di kawasan ini adalah aktiviti perniagaan. Aktiviti perniagaan adalah satu aktiviti ekonomi yang penting kerana ia akan menjana pendapat penduduk setempat yang berniaga. Selain itu, ia juga akan menyumbang kepada pendapatan dan menjana ekonomi negeri Kedah. Perniagaan adalah antara aktiviti yang penting kerana ia akan membawa kepada pertumbuhan penduduk di kawasan tersebut. Secara lahiriah, manusia memang suka akan kemajuan serta kawasan ekonomi seperti pusat bandar berbanding kawasan pedalaman yang kurang aktiviti perniagaan.Terdapat pelbagai jenis aktiviti perniagaan di mukim Mergong ini. Antaranya adalah perniagaan makanan, pakaian, tekstil, barang kemas, kedai menjual kereta dan motosikal, hotel, motel, kedai perabot, kedai papan. Selain itu, di kawasan Mergong juga terdapat Hipermarket yang terkenal iaitu TESCO. Oleh itu, kawasan ini menjad i sebuah kawasan yang terkenal dengan pelbagai aktiviti perniagaan.3.7 GUNA TANAHSecara keselurahannya, guna tanah di Mergong adalah lebih kepada kegiatan ekonomi seperti perindustrian, perniagaan, pertanian dan lain-lain. Kebanyakan kawasan telah dibangunkan untuk tujuan ekonomi. Kegiatan ekonomi ini adalah sangat penting kerana ia menyediakan peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk setempat. Selain itu, penduduk dapat meningkatkan taraf sosio-ekonomi penduduk.Antaranya adalah kawasan perindustrian Mergong. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong adalah sebuah kawasan yang luas. Ia meliputi lebih 600 buah kilang di kawasan ini. Kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini terbahagi kepada 2 fasa iaitu fasa 1 dan Fasa 2. Oleh itu, kawasan perindustrian Mergong ini merupakan sebuah tapak yang sangat luas dengan melibatkan pelbagai kegiatan perindustrian di kawasan tersebut. Terdapat pelbagai jenis industri di Mergong iaitu industri ringan, industri sederhana dan industri berat. Antara contoh industri ringan ad alah kilang-kilang membuat bahan makanan seperti gula-gula, keropok dan lain-lain. Contoh industri sederhana pula adalah kilang papan, kilang perabot, kilang kayu, kilang kapas, kilang kicap, kilang pakaian, dan pelbagai jenis kilang lain. Contoh industri berat yang terdpat di kawasan perindustrian Mergong adalah kilang Sime Tyres, kilang simen, kilang besi dan keluli dan lain lain. Aktiviti kilang di kawasan perindustrian ini membawa pelbagai kesan terhadap penduduk dan alam sekitar. Kesan-kesan daripada perindustrian ini akan dibincang dalam bab 4 dan bab 5.Guna tanah untuk kawasan perumahan adalah terhad. Kawasan Mergong ini yang pada asalnya adalah kawasan pertanian merupakan kawasan tumpuan penduduk. Pada masa sekarang, kawasan ini telah dibangunkan menjadi bandar dan pusat perindustrian. Oleh itu, tanah yang digunakan untuk tujuan perumahan menjadi semakin kurang. Walaupun kawasan ini merupakan kawasan tumpuan penduduk, kawasan perumahan ini adalah terhad di sebahagian kawasan sahaja. Ini kerana kebanyakan kawasan telah dibangunkan menjadi pusat ekonomi seperti bandar dan sebagainya. Kawasan Mergong ini mempunyai jumlah penduduk yang ramai kerana terdapatnya peluang pekerjaan yang banyak serta taraf hidup penduduknya juga tinggi. Oleh itu, penduduk di kawasan Mergong ini kebanyakannya adalah penduduk yang baru berpindah ke kawasan itu. Ini kerana, kawasan perumahan di Mergong ini boleh dianggap sangat baru. Oleh kerana kawasan Mergong tidak mempunyai tanah yang mencukupi untuk perumahan, rumah-rumah yang dibina adalah rumah jenis flat. Ini adalah kerana masalah kekurangan tanah dan bilangan penduduknya yang ramai.Di kawasan Mergong, terdapat beberapa sekolah yang dibina. Antaranya adalah Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Mergong, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Mergong, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Abdul Rahman (STAR) dan Sekolah Menengah Agama Kedah. Sekolah-sekolah ini terletak berhampiran dengan kawasan perumahan. Semua sekolah ini adalah antara sekolah-seko lah yang utama dan terkenal di Kedah.Selain itu, di kawasan Mergong juga terdapat kawasan pertanian. Pada mulanya kawasan pertanian ini merupakan kawasan pertanian sangat luas. Kawasan pertanian ini ditanam dengan padi basah. Apabila kawasan mergong mula dibangunkan, tanah-tanah pertanian tersebut diubah kepada pembangunan kawasan perindustrian. tanah-tanah pertanian itu dibeli dan di ambil alih oleh kerajaan dan syarikat-syarikat swasta yang inging menggunakan tanah tersebut. Oleh itu, kawasan pertanian di Mergong mula berkurangan.Guna tanah lain di kawasan Mergong ini adalah pembinaan kemudahan Perhentian Bas Ekspres di Alor Setar iaitu Perhentian Shahab Perdana. Semua bas yang datang ke Alor Setar dari pelbagai tempat seperti dari Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh dan sebagainya akan berhenti di perhentian ini.BANK, TESCO, SEK RENDAH, SEK, MENENGAH, UNIVERSITY INSANIAH,PASAR BORONG, PUSAT FUTSAL, PUSAT KESIHATAN MERGONG,PEJABAT PENDIDIKAN DAERAH KOTA SETAR, KOMPLEKS PENERANGAN DI SHAHAB PERDANA ,HOTEL/MOTEL, PUSAT PENJUALAN KERETA, PEJABAT JPJ3.8 PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH MERGONG3.9 KEMUDAHAN-KEMUDAHAN INFRASTRUKTUR3.9.1 Bekalan Elektrik3.9.2 Bekalan Air3.9.3 Hubungan telefon3.9.4Hospital dan Kemudahan Kesihatan3.9.5 Lain-lain Kemudahan3.10 SISTEM PENGANGKUTAN3.11 KESIMPULANhttp//images.google.com.my/imglanding?q=map%20kedahimgurl=http//www.about-malaysia.com/kedah/images/map-kedah.gifimgrefurl=http//www.about-malaysia.com/kedah/usg=__UgDwddpNj3b9l5tme89hXaCYaQg=h=212w=206sz=6hl=enum=1itbs=1tbnid=G49LrsUsXtHK3Mtbnh=106tbnw=103prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bkedah%26start%3D36%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D18%26tbs%3Disch1start=44um=1sa=Nndsp=18tbs=isch1tbnid=G49LrsUsXtHK3Mstart=48

Economic factors that affect the colgate brand

Economic factors that actuate the colgate brandThe overall economic system of the country is showing a stable maturation. at that placefore this assiduity is overly showing a growth of 10%. But the flash is growing rapidly which is not a good sign for the sore entrants. mixture in the interest rate withal appropriates the perseverance. Hence the new entrants argon also be by the increasing interest rates.Economic factors do influence the bargaining power of buyers as inflation is the major factor that is affecting the consumers hard.Economic factors do not affect the availability of substitutes. But since inflation is growing, so it is hard for the poor people to switch to more than(prenominal) modern products wish well washing powder, tooth paste. They would kind of prefer oil to clean their fabrices and use miswak to brush their teething.Economic factors do adopt an affect on the bargaining power of suppliers as inflation is rising fast. Suppliers demand that t hey would provide the necessary crank material at a uplifteder monetary value. Exchange rate fluctuations also affect the cost of keen material.Economic factors do affect the rivalry among the competitors as all the players in the industry want to have cost leadership. The economic factors ar favoring intense competition from the pull round five years. raft have more money at their disposal. Also Pakistan is a consumption oriented society (Hiatt, Jeff.).Quantitative Strategic think Matrix (QSPM)STRATEGY 1STRATEGY 2WeightsASTASASTASSTRENGTHSMarket leader in bulge guardianship with 90% market share0.15Good Leadership0.06Employee commitment0.1230.3620.24Cooling crystal patent0.1Accurate forecast with respect to demand0.0740.2820.14 graduate(prenominal) EPS0.0830.2420.16Strong advertisement and promotional campaign0.0820.1630.24WEAKNESSESIT not apply optimally0.1340.5220.26No ecommerce0.130.320.26No proper use of prior integration0.0520.130.15They are not exporting their prod ucts to otherwise countries0.061OPPORTUNITIESExploring into new categories like shampoo, hand wash , body wash, shower gel0.1420.2840.56Rural population shimmy from miswak to toothpaste0.06Gap in tooth brush market0.0820.1630.24Implementation of ERP(SAP)0.1440.5620.28 people becoming hygiene and beauty conscious0.120.230.3No layoffs0.07THREATS(T)Raw material and susceptibility prices are increasing0.1230.3620.24Inflation in the country0.0730.2120.14Competitors re launching their products0.120.230.3Competitors increasing their marketing budgets0.0620.1230.18Unstable law and pasture conditions.0.061TOTAL4.053.69Rivalry among existing competitorsYes (+)No (-)The industry is growing rapidly.The industry is not alternate(prenominal) with intermittent overcapacity.The fixed costs of the business are relatively low portion of total costs.There are signifi tusht product differences and brand identities between the competitors.The competitors are diversified rather than specialized.It w ould not be hard to get out of this business because thither are no specialized skills and facilities or long-run contract commitments etc.My customers would incur significant costs in switching to a competitor.My product is intricate and requires a detailed understanding on the part of my customer.My competitors are all of approximately the same size of it as I am.INTERPRETATIONThreat of competitors is high because the product is not unique as there are no product differences. Same products are available with all competitors like Unilever, Procter and Gamble, Shield, Oral B. thus rivalry is also increasing as demand in the economy has also increased for the last 5 to years. Majority of the competitors are MNCs which means that they have the necessary resource and skill (Hiatt, Jeff). politics FactorsGovernment regulations do have an affect on the rivalry among the competitors.Political factorsPolitical factors do not affect the rivalry among the competitorsEconomic factorsEcono mic factors do affect the rivalry among the competitors as all the players in the industry want to have cost leadership. The economic factors are favoring intense competition from the last five years. People have more money at their disposal. Also Pakistan is a consumption oriented society (Hiatt, Jeff). genial trendsSocial trends have changed, buyer are more aware of their purchases. So the players in the industry are always trying hard to increase their market share (Hiatt, Jeff).Technological changeTechnology is component part the companies to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals. Also research and development plays an important mathematical function in this (Hiatt, Jeff).KEY SUCCESS ACTORS FOR COMPETIVE SUCCESSLow cost production efficiency. CP has plants installed that take only 30 minutes for the plant to shift from the production of one product to the other.High quality manufacturing of products with very hardly a(prenominal) defects.A strong network of livelong sale distributors.Gaining ample space on retailer shelves. (Examples Naheed, Aghas, Makro and other splendid shops.)Attractive packaging and styling.Good length of product lines.Attractive commercials and advertising.Good reputation in the industry along with favorable reputation with buyers.Market penetrationColgate can do market penetration by increasing its advertising, people always associate Colgate with tooth paste and have no awareness that it produces personal and surface care products as well. They should show their logo on all its products so that people know the producers and this exit increase customer loyalty and also when people will come to know that Colgate is the producer consequently new customers will also buy the product (Hiatt, Jeff).They should also increase their promotion efforts by dismissal to school and doing health awareness programs, also they should go to residential areas and make women aware of their surface care and fabric care products such as m ax, bonus and express etcProduct developmentColgate can also do product development by introducing new features in their already existing brands. They can purify their tooth brush quality and features by introducing flexi tooth brushes for special oral care. Also they can introduce whitening features in their feature in their tooth paste different colors of tooth paste can also be introduced to take up the kinds market. In their fabric care they can introduce in special features of protecting the color of the cloth while washing and also whitening enhancing surfs to give a good shine to while enclothe (Hiatt, Jeff).develop systems to involve appropriate stakeholders in the introduction of changeSIX THINGS REQUIRED TO EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENTING A STRATEGYAccording to Porter, to implement a strategy effectively six things should be followedCreate a formal planDistributorQuantity Item Price Negotiation,Inventory Reporting, Stock Details, Payment damageHR ModuleInventory / StoreCreate a multifunctional teamTo effectively implement ERP, Colgate must first hire an independent resource firm.Acquire licensing for SAP Implementation.Establish an independent IT unit for the observe of ERP. This department will coordinate with all the other departments (Robbins S, Mukerji).Communication of strategy inside and outside altogether employees in the company should be made aware of the new automated system. Each employee must be provided a minimal insight of SAP but those employees who have to work on SAP the al just about should ofcourse be provided with proper genteelness course of SAP. These includeFactory passenger carManager accountsWarehouse ManagerDistribution teamConsumer insight departmentOutside the company the strategy to implement ERP should be communicated correctly to all the local and foreign suppliers of Colgate Palmolive (Hagberg).Consistency over timeAs Information Technology is progressing twenty-four hours by day, new changes in ERP are expected aft er certain time periods. Therefore it would flummox very important for Colgate to cope up with the changes in the software. For this purpose it would need to update it employees by providing training whenever any change takes place in SAP (Hagberg).Use proper measurementsOther measures, not that financial measures would be required to test whether the system is working properly. These measures includeWhether the system is accurately forebode demand, gross sales, price changesWhether or not there are any deviations in the actual versus projected salesEffectiveness of the internal processes after the strategy implementation (Robbins S, Mukerji).Test the strategyAsk employees and senior management in all departments whether they are satisfied with the new system of working. Talk to suppliers and distributors whether they want any more improvements in the new system of working (Hagberg).KEY DRIVING FORCESIndustry growthNow most of the people have knowledge about the different produ cts and its advantages. The intense competition in industry and high demand enables the new entrants to compete in this market (Hagberg).Product innovationInnovation in product, as Colgate has just introduced Max fresh in which the coolant crystals are present which none of the competitors has adopted yet. There is also room in innovation in washing detergents (Hagberg).Changing societal concerns, attitudes and lifestyleSince social issues are really effecting the use of product just like the use of Miswak which is the Islamic mode of cleaning the teeth (Hagberg).Use of E-commerce and InternetUsage of online ordering and maintaining the stock level through e-commerce can be capricious force in the industry. By using that they can provide products to customer which is value addition for them (Hagberg).This accounting is purely based on the finding from the Colgate expert and the secondary data analysis, and the reason for writing the whole report is to find the obstacle / hindrance a business men face and how the organization can minimize it through implementing the different strategies and analysis.The whole report research draws attention tothe fact that any paradox can be eliminate if proper investigation and consideration can be observed the achievement is easy to get, Pakistan market is mature market and the competition is tough here because most of the customer is price conscious and act like butterflies, so targeting this kind of customer is quite difficult, but on the other hand it can be managed if the you can understand the market effectively and efficiently (Robbins S, Mukerji).Hiatt, Jeff. HYPERLINK http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition- biography.htmThe definition and history of change managementHYPERLINK http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition-history.htm. http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition-history.htm.Filicetti, John (August 20, 2007). HYPERLINK http//www.pmhut.com/pmo-and-project-management-dictiona ryProject Management DictionaryHYPERLINK http//www.pmhut.com/pmo-and-project-management-dictionaryMoore, E.R., (accessed 1 April, 2001), Creating Organizational finales An Ethnographic Study, Eastern Academy of Management practical(prenominal) Proceedings,Moore, E.R., (accessed 1 April, 2001), Creating Organizational Cultures An Ethnographic Study, Eastern Academy of Management Virtual Proceedings,, R. Ph.D. Heifetz, D.Ph., 2000 (accessed 4 April, 2001), Corporate HagbergCulture/Organisational Culture UnderJerryding and Assessment,Robbins S, Mukerji D (1994). Managing organisations. Prentice Hall of Australia, McPhersons Printing Group, Australia.Sergiovanni, T.J. (1984) Educational Leadership, Leadership and excellence in schooling, Volume 41, take 5, United States of America, page 4-13Kent State University 2000 (accessed 28thMarch, 2001), Kent State University Cultural Self-StudyInternal Communication of ChangeBy Dagmar ReckliesCircling the pyramid Building Lasting Commitment to Change (pdf-file)by Edmond MellinaWhat Makes a Good Change Agent?by Dagmar ReckliesThe Role of the Change Master From Change Agent to HYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/ schema/Change Master.htmHYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change Master.htmChange MasterHYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change Master.htmBy Ruth TearleManaging Change Definition and Phases in Change Processesby Oliver ReckliesProblems in Managing Changeby Oliver ReckliesAuditNet.org provides a downloadable PDF of change management best practices.Fred Nickols wrote HYPERLINK http//home.att.net/nickols/change.htmHYPERLINK http//home.att.net/nickols/change.htmChange Management 101 A Primer.HYPERLINK http//home.att.net/nickols/change.htmSearchCRM.com provides resources on discussion change management following a CRM upgrade.Neglecting your change control process can kill an IT incident recovery plan.

Classical management theory and scientific management

unsullied charge opening and scientific focusThe stainless circumspection Theory is thought to have originated around the form 1900 and dominated counsel thinking into the 1920s, focvictimization on the efficiency of the dally process. It has three schools of thinking scientific man get on withment, which looks at the silk hat way to do a strain Bureaucratic management, which focuses on rules and procedures, hierarchy and pass on division of labour and Administrative management, which emphasises the flow of information within the arranging.Scientific counselFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is known as the father of scientific management. His approach emphasised empirical interrogation to increase organisational productivity by increase the efficiency of the production process. In the United relegates especially, skilled labour was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The that way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Scientific management theory states that romps should be designed so that severally worker has a well-specified, well-controlled task and specific procedures and methods for all(prenominal) job must be strictly followed.Taylors management theory rests on a fundamental picture that managers be non only superior intellectually to the average engagementee, scarcely that they have a overconfident duty to supervise staff and organise their work activities. Thus, it was only applied to low-level r egressine and crying tasks that could be managed at supervisory level.Taylor developed four principles of scientific management1. A best methodological analysis should be developed scientifically for each task.2. Managers should select the best person to perform the task and go over that the best training is given.3. Managers be responsible for ensuring that the best person for the job does the job using the best methodology.4. Remove all responsibility for the work method from the w orker and give it to management. The worker is responsible only for the actual job performance.Taylor based his management system on production-line time studies. Using time accept as his base, he broke down each job into its components and designed the quickest and best methods of playacting each component. He also encouraged employers to pay more(prenominal)(prenominal) productive workers at a high rate. Scientific management became very popular in the early part of this century as its application program was shown to lead to remediatements in efficiency and productivity.Advantages of Scientific concern- Introduced a scientific approach to management.- Improved manufactory efficiency and productivity.- Used as a model upon which the creation of modern assembly lines was based on.- Allowed managers to get workers for higher performance and productivity through the differential rate system.- Built a sense of co-ope ration surrounded by management and workers.Disadvantages of Scientific Management Limited by its underlying assumption that workers were primarily motivated by economic and physical needs. It in that locationfore overlooked the desire of workers for job satisfaction. Led, in some cases, to the exploitation of workers and it has been much suggested that scientific management was at the centre of m either strikes prevalent in those days. Excluded the tasks of management in its application. In let offed an prideful leadership approach. Focused only on the internal operations of the organisation.Bureaucratic managementMax weber (1864-1920), known as the father of Modern Sociology, was the first person to use the term bureaucracy to find a particular, and in his visual modality superior, organisational form. He considered the ideal organisation to be a bureaucracy whose activities and objectives were rationally thought, whose divisions of labour were explicitly spelled out. He believed that technical competence should be emphasized and t hat performance evaluations should be do entirely on the basis of merit. Weber defined the key elements of a bureaucracy asI. 1. A well defined hierarchy with a clear chain of command where higher positions have the empowerment to control the lower positions.II. 2. Division of labour and distinction of skills, where each employee will have the necessary expertise and authority to complete a particular task.III. 3. Complete and accurate rules and regulations, in writing, to govern all activities, determinations and situations.IV. 4. impersonal relationships mingled with managers and employees, with clear statements of the rights and duties of personnel.V. 5. Technical competence is the basis for all decisions regarding recruitment, selection and promotion.Webers model of bureaucratic management advanced the formation of huge corporations such as ford.Bureaucratic Management Contributions Ensured that the organisation would be operated and managed by qualified/high calibre per sonnel only. Allowed many another(prenominal) organisations to efficiently perform routine organisational tasks through job specialisation. Allowed management and employees to be more objective in their judgement and approach due to rules and procedures for doing specific tasks world clearly set. Placed emphasis on job position, specialised employees and job continuity thus providing the organisation with long-term perspectives and quality employees. Surpassed the loss of any employee or even of any manager due to the temper of job specialisation. Hence in such a bureaucracy, anyone throne be replaced.Bureaucratic Management Limitationso Overwhelming concentration on authority discourages innovation and creativityo Imposed a egg and structured chain of command which is not compatible with organisations that require flexibility and rapid decision-making. This is truer now where organisations argon constantly faced with a turbulent external environment of increased competition. o the emphasis on impersonality and division of labour leads to boredom, dissatisfaction and discontent within the workforceo rules and procedures may become so substantial in their own right that there is a tendency to forget the underlying processes that they argon meant to irritate more efficient.Administrative ManagementHenri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French industrialist and one of the most influential early management thinkers. Scientific Management was concerned with increasing the productivity of the shop floor. classical Organisation Theory grew out of the need to find guidelines for managing such complex organisations as factories. An early attempt was pioneered by Fayol to identify the principles and skills that be effective management. He believed that sound management practice falls into certain patterns that can be identify and analysed. He focused on management, which he felt had been the most neglected of business organisation operations. Based on his experience i n management, he developed fourteen general principles of management1. Division of Work and specialisation to produce more work for less effort.2. Authority to give orders and the power to exact obedience.3. Discipline and admire between a firm and its employees.4. Unity of command where an employee receives orders from only one superior.5. Unity of direction where there is only one central authority and one plan of action.6. The general interest is superior to separate interests.7. Remuneration is fair and provides satisfaction both to the employee and employer.8. in that location is centralisation, where there is al slipway one central authority.9. There is a scalar chain, where a chain of authority exists from the highest level to the lowest ranks.10. Order, where the right materials and pot ar in the right place for each activity.11. Equity, kindliness and justice are seen throughout the organisation.12. Stability and elevate of personnel to maintain a stable work force.13 . Initiative is encouraged to motivate employees.14. Esprit de Corps is treasure as important, and teamwork is encouraged.Before Fayol, it was generally believed that managers are born, not made. Fayol insisted, however, that management was a skill like any other one that could be taught once its underlying principles were understood.Chester Barnard (1886-1961) developed the concepts of strategic planning and the Acceptance theory of Authority, which states that managers only have as much authority as their employees allow them to have. It suggests that authority flows downward, but depends upon betrothal by the subordinate. Barnard considered that the acceptance of authority depends on four conditions1) That the employee understands what the manager wants them to do.2) That the employee is able to comply with the directive.3) That the employee thinks that the directive is in line with organisational objectives.4) That the employee does not think that the directive is contrary to their personal goals.Barnard believed that each person has a district of indifference within which the individual will willingly accept orders without consciously questioning authority and that it is up to the organisation to broaden each employees zone of indifference.Advantages of Administrative Managemento Viewed management as a profession which can be trained and developed.o Offered universal managerial guidelines.o Promoted communication between managers and employees.o Highlighted the needs of employees through the unity of command, unity of direction, equity, etc.o Encouraged employees to act on their own initiatives.Disadvantages of Administrative Management- Lacked consideration for organisations environmental, technological and personnel factors, due to the blind application of Fayols concepts.- Fayols recommendations are too experience-based and therefore not driven by formal research. Hence its concepts have not been tested.Although these schools, or theories, develope d historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to concomitant or coexist with previous ones. The ideas of classical theorists have many applications in the management of todays organizations although with some modifications. legion(predicate) of the internal contends faced by managers during earlier periods were similar to those faced by managers today. For example, Taylors concern for the productivity of employees is still shared by managers. Even today, the Scientific Management Theory is still relevant. While not as popular as in the past, this method of job design is still used. This sort of task-oriented optimization of work tasks is nearly ubiquitous today in industry, and has made most industrial work menial, repetitive, tedious and cheerless this can be noted, for instance, in assembly lines of car manufacturers and fast-food restaurants like McDonalds and KFC. McDonalds divides its complete operation into a image of tasks such as supervising, cooking operations or operating a deep fryer and assigns people to carry out these tasks. The modern crowd together car assembly lines pour out finished products windy that Taylor could have ever imagined. In addition, its efficiency techniques have also been applied in the training of surgeons.Todays armies employ Scientific Management. Of the key points listed a standard method for performing each job, select workers with appropriate abilities for each job, training for standard task, planning work and eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increase output all but wage incentives for increased output are used by modern military organizations. Wage incentives earlier appear in the form of skill bonuses for enlistments. Furthermore, industrial engineers today are still taught the methods of Scientific Management including time and motion studies, job-tasks analysis, wage-incentive determination and detailed production planning with respec t to the field of operation research and management.The Bureaucratic Management is still used in the USA by service-based organizations such as libraries. atomic number 53 concrete example where Fayols Bureaucratic Management ideas are still in use is at the Wichita State University Libraries. Bureaucracy is also still being used in the US Postal Service.In Mauritius, mass production lines and piece rate systems are used in the garment and manufacturing industries. Another industry where the Classical Management Theories are still in use is in the sea-food hub, more specifically at the Mauritius tuna fish Processing Plant.Mauritius and its economy are at a pivotal point. The pace of change is exhilarating. That is why in his budget speech 2008-2009, Hon. Rama Sithanen, minister of religion of Finance pointed out the urgency for our economy to shift from the traditional pillars to a service-oriented economy and to a knowledge-based society. For instance, he advocated that the ICT sector must add to the pillars of the Mauritian economy. Business leaders bear ICT to have a greater impact on their business. The industries experiencing the greatest change are the technology, telecommunications and financial services. The Minister also stressed on the development of the SMEs as he formulated that in terms of job creation, new jobs will come mostly from small businesses and medium-sized companies.But since the formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the 18th century, the economic landscape has changed. Businesses do not exist in a vacuum. They are in fact open systems with constant and dynamic interaction with the environment. Todays business environment is global and highly competitive. Managers are becoming increasingly aware of the effects of the business environmentThere are two aspects of the business environment, namely the internal and the external environment. The internal environment relates to those factors that the organisation can relative ly control. These are the owners, employees, customers, suppliers, government activity and pressure groups. But the external environment that constitutes the PEST (Political, Economical, Social and Technological) factors is relatively remote from what the organisation can control. Without the ability to analyse the strength and weaknesses of the internal and the opportunities and threats of the external environments, managers risk making decisions that are not in the best interest of the organisation. At the same time, worldwide concern about(predicate) the natural environment has emerged. underway natural environmental concerns are pollution, climate changes, ozone depletion and other global issues like biodiversity, adequate water supplies, creation and food security. As McDonalds concluded, todays managers have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with national perception.Todays business environment is characterized with changes, innovations and uncertainty . It is becoming more challenging amid global economic slowdown and turmoil in the financial sector. Businesses must at all cost adapt or die. Out of five businesses experiencing a disaster or extended outage,a) Two never re-open their doors.b) One of the remaining three will button up within two years.The business environment is exceedingly tough and competitive. Competition is intensifying in many sectors. Technology is constantly creating new opportunities and threats. There are changes to the regulatory environment the advent of the Equal Opportunities displace being a clear example. Customer tastes are also changing providing a moving target. keen companies operating in highly competitive business environments are working very hard to improve efficiency and productivity, test high-yielding new initiatives, and differentiate themselves from competitors.Command and Control Management style (as stated in the Classical Management Theories) is effective in an environment where b oth change and competition are express mail and there is plenty room for error (high profit margins). Such is not the case in the age of computing and communications. In todays business environment, things change very quickly and profit margins are reducing. In addition, more things are happening on a continuing basis. Because of the speed at which things are changing, it is important to carry on decision-making down in the organization to the level that has all of the information at the time when a decision must be made. This calls for very different management attitudes, it demands a democratic and flexible point of view and of course accountability must be delegated. All these are not present in the Classical Management Theories.Rapid change that is sweeping through every aspect of the business environment today prompts managers to rethink the ways they do things. Although the Classical Management model has evolved kinda a bit, it is still accommodate to a rigid structure and command-and-control mentality. This model was well tailored to an environment where change was slow and evolutionary rather than rapid and revolutionary. It helped organise processes and foster a sense of accountability, order and discipline. What it lacks is flexibility, making the organisation irresponsive to unvarying internal and external environment changes. We have reached a limit to what can be accomplished using the Classical Management approaches. But by changing the way managers do things, that constraint can be removed. This is not to say that the basics of Classical Management should be ignored, but they are just not enough to get the job done in todays business environment.Although Classical Management Theories are quite useful in the early stages of economic development, they are not an adequate explanation of how to administer organisations in a complex, developed society. When it comes to seeking cost, efficiency, productivity and profitability improvements, the Cl assical Management Theories have a curb field of action. Managers need to get used to the idea that what worked yesterday wont tomorrow. They need to work on tomorrow today. When the business environment becomes more challenging, it is actually an opportune time for managers to think about ways to reinvent their business. We find that new managers are willing to investigate innovative solutions to business problems because they are unhampered by the limitations of tools and methods of the past. It is not so much that established managers are not willing to change it has more to do with that fact that they are using methods that were designed for different circumstances. And they worked. So, established managers have to be inclined(p) to discard something that has been effective for them. Managers need to use todays tools to solve todays problems. They must be willing to learn about new ways of doing things.To compete successfully in the global arena, managers must now act as entr epreneurs and create new business models rethink, re-plan, strategize, innovate and learn never-endingly. Innovation is the most important source for organisations to puddle competitive advantage, and advanced innovation management is critical to a businesss sustainable development. Classical Management theories slang catch up with the dramatic changes of the business environment. Once-reliable guides for managerial actions no longer exist. In an environment almost bereft of the old rules of conducting business, there is no safety net. Every process, procedure, rule of thumb and standard ratio is being challenged, re-engineered and morphed into a new form. This fundamental change has brought a daunting new reality to the challenge of growing and managing business.ConclusionToday, organizations are mostly influenced by the external environment (fierce market share competition, continuous technology change, globalisation, hiring and retaining qualified executives and front line wo rkers) that often fluctuate over time. Yet Classical Management Theories present an image of an organisation that is not shaped by external influences. Classical Management Theories are now gradually fading for the principal reason that people and their needs are considered by Classical theorists as secondary to the needs of the organisation. Nowadays, The Scientific approach is very seriously challenged by Human resourcefulness Management. Furthermore, The Bureaucratic Management is fast giving way to the Matrix Structure in organisations. However, Classical Management theories are important because they introduced the concept of management as a subject for intellectual analysis and provided a basis of ideas that have been developed by subsequent schools of management thought.

Change Along The Production Possibility Curve Economics Essay

Change Along The Production Possibility veer Economics EssayAccording to McTaggard D et al. (1999), production chess opening deflect shows all the possible combinations of two goodnesss that a firm can shit within a particular time period with all its resources in full and efficiently employed. What is much, droughts and extreme climate conditions could prowl the frontier to the left. However, technological improvement, the great stock rise and grow in the amount of employees, in their skills and educational levels bring attempt to the right. Moreover, increase or decrease in bar of one goods leads to tilt on the PPF.When human capital in protest, in that location bequeath be decrease in workforce. Therefore ( production possibility curve will qualify to within frontier.During the event of protest or strike, there will be drop in human capital. what is more PPF open frames to the left.In order to produce more of one goods, we declare to plant up the former(a) goods because of scarcity. That is why, movement occurs along the PPF (from point A to B).As a mentioned in case c, if we want to increase one goods we have to decrease number of former(a) goods. In that case, we face movement along the PPF(from point C to D)In this situation, female and male both banned from entering some occupations. Therefore they have less ability to rile which means drop in number of workforce then PPF will shift to the left.Spending less on defence and more on education means they are giving up one good and serve well in order to increase other one. At a moment change occurs along the PPF (from point E to F). But back up education level may bring economic growth in the future economy.When government giving advanceder rate of unemployment benefit, it discourages school-leavers from work. On the other hand, people seem to be preferred being unemployment. As consequence, in the economy there will be decrease in workforce. Therefore, it leads PPF shift to the left. Section 2To define what is happening in France and Australias economy low gear lets examine what is bestow, demand, and equaliser and why they do change.DemandAccording to Begg D et al. (2003) demand refers the maximum amount of a product that consumers are unstrained and able to buy during a particular period at diverse determines, holding all other relevant factors constant. What is more, holding all other relevant factors constant as expenditure grows quantity demanded drops and as equipment casualty dusks quantity demanded rises. In addition, demand curve shifts when its relevant factors change much(prenominal) as the charge of other products, income, population, preferences and future toll expectations. A shift of demand curve is change in demand. The shift to outward exhibit rise in demand and shift to inward is a decline in demand. Furthermore, when price of good and service change, we face movement along the demand curve.SupplySupply is the quantity of a good an d service that manufacturers are willing and able to produce in the market at various prices, all other relevant factors being held constant. The relationship among price and quantity are positive. If price of good and service is high manufacturers are happy to produce more and more. On the other hand, if the price of good and service set low, they will supply fewer. Change in price does not shift supply curve but it leads to movement along the supply curve. Moreover, supply curve may shift because of change in substitutes and complements in production, price of factors of production, technology, future price expectations, effects of the run and number of producers.EquilibriumAccording to Sloman and Hinde (2007) supply and demand both in concert describe market equilibrium. Equilibrium price and quantity exists where the quantity supplied just now equal quantity demanded for the good and service. Therefore, when demand and supply curves change, equilibrium price and quantity chan ge too.Because of the poor grape harvest the supply of French wine decreased which is supply curve shifted to the left. As a go forth of supplying fewer quantity of French wine in the market, its price increased. Therefore, equilibrium quantity and price both change as well. The graphical record below shows decrease in quantity supply leads to increase in products price. As consequence, decrease in quantity demanded new equilibrium price and quantity take place in the market.(E1-E2).Decrease in supply of French wine leads to increase its price. As result, there will more demand for Australian wine (Australian wine demand will shift to the right). Moreover, when demand increases products price and quantity will increase. Also, change in equilibrium price and quantity too.(E0 -E1)Section 31. C2. D3. A4. A5. B6. C7. D8. B9. A10. D

Theories of African Christian Ethics

Theories of Afri go off Christian exampleisticsINTRODUCTION forward I begin, let me kickoff suggest to you the all over any task of Christian estimable motive. If I chatter slightly virtuous philosophy, I speak ab appear Who we argon, how we be to perceive our b solely and how we ar to discloselive in this arna. This is the main crux of Christian moral philosophy. In this assignment I would uniform to demonstrate a working experience of Afri quite a little, westward and Afri drive out Christian morals. I volition in any case look at the rests amid selected good theories.ap channelizement 1Explain western survey orientations and evaluate the piece it has on our pinch of moral philosophy. Underscore both the imperatives and cast outs it has brought close to in ethical cerebration.According to Barnhill (2009) the occidental tradition has 4 major flackes to ethical motiveThe archetypal deuce listed (Utilitarian morals and Deontological morals) be modern tuitions and they dominate modern philosophy. He says that equity morality is as old as Plato and is making a bit of a travel along- prat. Natural truth moral philosophy is relatively frequent among environmental ethicists. afterward driveing his Environmental studies, I ca-ca catch to realise the hereafter(a)This study speaks close to sizableness and badness. We give the axe tar absorb happiness with the devout and commemorates virtue as a major maintainative of happiness. We female genitals rationalize that happiness and virtue should be detached. If we look at virtue it relates to good entrust, a good entrust is good in e rattling considerateness and is absolute or unconditional good. It grows when you act for the early(prenominal)ime of profession. A hu troopsity action is mor e precise last(predicate)y good and is d whizz for the stake of duty. western United enunciatesern moral philosophy shows us that an action dejectio n be prompt by duty and has moral worth. Not beca social function of the results it achieved, precisely for satisfying a formal com soldierydment. The principle of performing geniuss duty, whatever it may be. People direct impulses and desires and that is why the moral law appears to us as a law that we essential ad mediocre. This impulses and desires is our wholly source for moral judgement. This is our free get out. Our free dedicate al nonp beil stub farm a moral law and we leave alone obey it. The military personnel psyche is able to drive in what is good and evil. To overhear regard as judgement is born(p)(p) from inside of us. This is c tot every(prenominal)yed your conscience. nigh quite a little recognize that man is free to do work his or her moral decisions. On the former(a) hand, every(prenominal) the affairs that we do vituperate come from our military man desires. Men and women should follow the will of perfection. Use the will of immortal t o work real decisions in action. T here is a everyday moral law, the fill outledge to free ourselves from human desires. We atomic number 18 free to shuffle good and blend moral judgements. In the approach of c be and the lodge, in resembling manner much Hesperian Ethics has m other(a)n individuals the remedy to think about themselves. We moldiness(prenominal) build love and compassionate relationships among muckle. The upright theory of ethics would deem to accommodate all four looking ats of westward ethics. unrivalled musical mode to sometimes approach westbound ethics and the square off it has on ethics is found on four aspects equal rights, goods, virtues and our relationship with each other. We moldiness look at the followers questions similarDo our actions violate other persons rights?We moldiness move to achieve good in purport.Look at our integrity.Care for each other.Ethics and nonetheless Western Ethics faeces never be static and with W estern Ethics thither are certain frameworks and principles. We dont know whether Western Ethic has a future, provided it sincerely and almost definitely do have a past. We can instruct that the patterns of the Western moral personalisedity will stay to surface and unfeignedly have to be dealt with, either through agonizing reflection or painful restructuring (Kunhiyop, 200429).Define in your make linguistic process modern African Ethics. Highlight its eventful characteristics.Kigongo (nd) says that Contemporary African Ethics is a cabal of African ethical tradition and European ethical tradition.What smash counselling to describe Contemporary African Ethics than the term Ubuntu. Ubuntu instrument that populate are people beca hire of other people. In Africa zilch can arrive al bingle, we exigency each other to survive. I think that we are all searching and suggesting rude(a) directions which to follow in interest of African mensurate. We can say that the f oundation of African ethics is definitely a humanist knowledge base debate. Everything about the union is seen to exist non just in the here and now, solely alike in the past, through those who have already at peace(p) and as well as in the future, those who have yet to come. It is the past that specify the afford and the present the future. Why, we ask, has this worldview, with the emphasis on respect for all mankind, live and duty non travel through the whole world yet?You esteem in the second paragraph I spoke about Ubuntu. Well, I can say that this worldview is expressed by the very collapsey that lives accord to it. If the community follows Contemporary African Ethics, they are animate testimonies to their worldview. This worldview is worth bring to and respect for a nonher(prenominal), oddly a stranger, is healthful cognise to communities in the southwestern of the Sahara. With them a visitor was to be welcomed and feted, non guess and resisted like in some of our communities (Kunhiyop, 200423-27).Africa is currently looking at a juvenile future when it comes to African Ethics. Africa views that its own worldview has so much effectiveness and contemporary messages to give. Africa does not have all the to a higher place on record, hardly the gardening itself speaks of enrichment and value. emphatically African determine can be include in everything in life, for example in institutions of higher keying. The world claims to a gravider extent Contemporary African Ethics (Kunhiyop, 200413).Identify the key aspects of African Christian Ethics.I hear what Okolo (nd) saysFirst, the African may well front himself fortunate to be call down with much(prenominal) a basically sound and enduring unearthly and moral tradition. But this does not at all mean that the Christian religion based on Christs love ethic symbolises a neat superficial dimension in his moral life. The Christian religion means for the African primal form s in more of his ethnic value and options much(prenominal) that a real conversion is required for him to be a Christian in the au whencetic meaning of the term and in its ethical implication.I think that the African society is in a moral crisis. The African are having an identity crisis and have shifted a course from their value strategy. Their moral set they gave a focal layover for other value systems. In a backbone the first aspects is the fact that they have betrayed the African value system by analyzing it with the socio-economic and policy-making implications that are bear awayn from all the dissimilar value systems. The second aspect for me is the fact that Africans are now abandoning their value system by arduous to embrace other systems, namely liberalism and utilitarianism. The consequence of this above menti hotshotd shift is that the African will no longer be know by what he is, but by what he has acquired by contrasting means. The African have lost the sens e of Who am I and this created the moral crisis in sulphur Africa. If we look at virtue ethics, I think it could do us to redeem the African value system as well as every individual in in the south Africa. Virtue ethics is mean to go away a society in which people can live a meaningful life. thither is a oecumenical agreement amongst the African people that the African cannot be defined pull in the constriction of the community. We can see the closeness of relationship amongst the individual and the loving nature of the African. The African system is not pertain with material telephone numbers it is concern primarily with human beings in their relationship with one another. It is like that, the community means that the community alone can constitute the context, their social and ethnic space. Africans require to descry freedom and tariff in themselves and also in other people in South Africa. cultivationWhether African Christian Ethics will start a distinguishable socio-economic and political concord remains a question that needs to be explored in-depth.BibliographyBarnhill D L 2007. Four Traditional Western Approaches to Ethics. Online oblige http//www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/barnhill/ES_375/ethics.html, 07/01/2009.Kunhiyop S W 2004. African Christian Ethics. United States of the States river horse Books.Kigongo J K n.d. The relevance of African Ethics To Contemporary African Society. Online article http//www.crvp.org/ obtain/Series02/II-8/chapter_ii.htm, 13/01/2009.Okolo C B n.d. The African Experience of Christian Values Dimensions of The Problematic. Online article http//www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-3/chapter_xi.htm, 13/01/2009.INTRODUCTIONThe al-Quran is an carriage of gods will to us and possesses the right supremely to define what we are to believe and how we are to take over ourselves. In the book African Christian Ethics Samuel W. Kunhiyop gives us guidelines in biblical Christianity for Africa. Although Samuel Kunhiyops bo ok does not deal solely with the role of the Bible, I will review his book to get to the core. We know that everything taking into custodys the evangel of our Lord delivery boy Christ. To review a great Theologian like Samuel W. Kunhiyop, I dont think it is for me to comment on the way he wrote his book.ASSIGNMENT 2Write a circumstantial book review of the fall textbook Samuel Kunhiyop (2004), African Christian Ethics.In the introduction Samuel describes the need for constitution this bookChristian ethics is agglomerates regarded the corresponding as Western ethics, but they are real not the same. The cardinal have mystify mingled because Western missionaries did not bring a true and ripe gospel but one that is different from the true gospel. Students who should be studying African Christian ethics are also often restless with the wrong ethical theories coming from the West. What should be taught in African theological colleges is an ethics that is African, biblical and Christian. That is what this book examines to give to its lector (Kunhiyop, 20048-10).We can encounter a tummy of information on African Christian Ethics through the internet and in that location is a down of information for Western performes to use. Hippo books are so popular that they are used by many publishers and are well known throughout the world. Some of the publishers like Zondervan and African publishing houses also make use of Hippo books. Hippo books create an environment for the learner or schoolchild to get introduce with all sections of godliness. Hippo books have got information and theories of many of scholars who share their knowledge and experience with us. Hippo books have got a imagination to tending with the harvest-home in all African perform service servicees so they can see their refinement from an evangelical perspective. Hippo books also published African Christian Ethics which I am about to review (Davy, 2010).Samuel Waje Kunhiyop was antecedently the Professor of Theology and Ethics at ECWA Theological Seminary. He holds a Bachelor of Theology, master of Theology and PhD at Trinity Inter groundal University, Illinois. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop was ordained by the evangelistic Church of West Africa as a minister. shortly he is one of the heads of the Post alumnus School at the South African Theological Seminary (Kunhiyop, 20044-5).The need for an interlingual rendition of Christianity and all its aspects from an African point of view was necessary. One such(prenominal) aspect is the question of Christian ethics and how it is touch on by Africa and its commodious cultural variety. Samuel identified the need to explore and develop the many questions that arose nearly the issue of African Christian ethics. According to Kunhiyop he started in his life seeking to find all information and truths about African Christianity. He studies for 8 years in Nigeria for his undergraduate theological educational activity and another 7 years in the United States for his graduate theological training. In 1993 he went back to Nigeria and has been teaching now on that point for 11 years. Samuel is a great teacher of the Bible, Theology, Ethics and Philosophy. In 1994 he was teaching to a sort of students and after finishing with them he asked the students What did you learn from this course? One of the students stood up and answered with the words zero point. Samuel was stunned and because of that answer, he started to check and wanted to seek for the right answers. He realised that the information he gave through to the students did not pertain to them and their stopping point. He knew that he needed to do more for the students for them to acquire in life (Kunhiyop, 20048-9).If I can commendation that it was very nasty to find the book in the library and Protea bookshop gave an indication that it would take 10 weeks if I hostel the book. The book had to come from Kenya.When we look at the life of Samuel Waje Kunhiyop, we can see a Christian who believes in Jesus Christ as his personal Saviour. Although he did most of his studies overseas, he was born and raised in Africa. He wanted to help and assist African Christians struggling with their own situations and puzzles. He recognized that Africans, and even more so, African Christians, needed guidance in relation to the hand overation of their everyday personal problems at heart an ethical frame of source (Kunhiyop, 20049).At first I didnt know what to make of the book African Christian Ethics. The book seemed highly difficult to read, interpret and deduce. Why might that be, I asked myself. wherefore I came to a conclusion. It was because I knew nothing about the Africans and their unique, complicated and diverse lasts. The but knowledge I have is about my own culture and roots. In Ethical Foundation Section one Samuel Waje Kunhiyop rationalises what African religion and the African culture consists of (Kunhiyop, 200411). It is wonderful to read about my confederate African inhabitants within their interesting context. The songs they love to sing and the stories they love to tell. Then suddenly, the way of the African opens up to you and you begin to view everything. The style in which the book has been written became much easier to read and interpret. As soon as I caught the revolve of things, I enjoyed reading the book amplely. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop has done a lot of explore to get to the truth. He also structuredd biblical coreed to substitute his findings and to come apart explain the interpretation of these findings from a Christian point of view.At work my responsibilities include informing the soldiers about human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS. With the knowledge that I gained from Samuels book I can now see to it the African soldier better. It also helped me in building better relationships with the soldiers, as I better comprehend their training of thought and under se t uping of Christianity. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop, through this book, opened up the eyes of many people, scholars and foreigners, although I think at that place is many more to explore and more information to gain. In South Africa a lot of African people are still confused and do not have identity. I can see that when I work with the young in South Africa. The youth are lack the strong morals and values they need to become better human beings in their communities and societies. The content of this book is magnificent and I would definitely hike up other individuals to read it and apply it to future situations with the African cultures.Let us explore the content of the book in detail to grasp the crux of what Samuel Waje Kunhiyop want to explain to us. I believe Kunhiyops work is excellent and I want to give him all the credit for this book.The book is divided into twain sections, section one Ethical Foundations, Chapter one, deuce and tercet deals with the theory of ethics, piece section ii Contemporary Ethical Issues, Chapter four to thirteen discusses hard-nosed issues. Issues that is so germane(predicate) that we can apply it in our daily lives. The issues are grouped in the following order, as given in the submit of content semipolitical Issues, Religious Issues, Medical Issues, Welfare Issues, Financial Issues, witchery Issues, AIDS Issues, brotherhood Issues, Sexual Issues and Reproductive Technologies. Each chapter begins with a general introduction followed by the chapters dealing with the specific issues in that area. Samuel does not go into a little debate regarding War, rather, he looks at the wars and conflicts in Africa and then examines the Bible to find an answer (Kunhiyop, 20042).Starting with Contemporary African ethics, we can see that the African society does believe in God as the highest order and as the sole creator of earth and mankind. Secondly they stem under the control of animate and ancestors who are the leading and inst ructors of good and evil. The unequivocal differences between morality and ethics are not acknowledged as they experience it as one with their religion. These assumptions are only if written on paper as there is no documentary proof of the bill or first thereof. The growing up and teaching or learning through the sr. and community by word of mouth is their reference in life. near important is the tribe, community and family rules for belonging and not to be a angiotensin-converting enzyme individual with his or her own set of rules and regulations. accept in the spirits and the ancestors justifies certain actions as long as you dont get caught and therefore has a deterrent effect on your family or community. They also believe that you must keep the spirits happy in order to be blessed and not to be cursed in life. broadly the interaction between family (grandfathers, grandmothers, fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews) and the comm unity (neighbors, friends, etc.) is a vital link to the forming of the African cultural heritage (Kunhiyop, 200411-28).Secondly, while Western ethics were founded and utilise by numerous leaders of the Enlightenment eras, it had different positive as well as prejudicial impacts on society. One example that has a contradict impact on the biblical views of the spiritual community is the privacy cistron where a f direct sex has the sole right to apply abortion if she wishes to. furthermore I do believe that technology is good for any physical structure except where it is applied have a negative result to humanity (Kunhiyop, 200429-46).The reading and sagaciousness of African Christian Ethics was very difficult. Samuel makes mention of many authors and in text citing. The side of meat language he used in Chapter three to point out his facts is confusing as to get the history facts straight. What I do understand from this Chapter is that Samuel writes that Christian theology is the backbone of African Christian ethics and that it will be useless if the Scriptures are not part of the guidance to the rules of African Christian ethics. The Black African Christian has a rule of ethics whereby their ancestors are always consulted and is a part and packet of their decision making. therefore in their ethics within certain issues they leave out God in certain other issues they consult Him. He explains that African ethics is deeply rooted in the soul and that it becomes personal, influencing the mind, heart, carcass and spirit of a person. If a family member has got an issue, that issue will affect the immediate family, as well as their distant relatives. It will captivate those who are spirit and those who are dead, but still interested in the affairs of the sustainment. To understand the community is to understand African ethics. This is a critical tool and must be used when studying African ethics. These ethics are positive in interaction with the past, t he present and the future, nothing or nobody can be excluded. God, the spirits of the departed, the ancestors and good and evil will always have an enormous influence on the morality of the people. Why, because they are African and near of culture. Although the Bible does not support the doctrines of demons, evil spirits and witchcraft, many Christians are un apprised of what the Bible teaches on the subject. Christians believe the Bible also serves as an authoritative moral influence, thence in Africa there is no such thing as an ethical system that has no practical and spectral implications. There will always be principles or rules that guide behaviour. These principles or rules are intertwined with practices of ethics and work nicely in concert (Kunhiyop, 200447-70).Samuel takes into account all the factors that are historically tied to the given base and describes each problem in detail. In each problem he looks for a biblical perspective on the issue, usually asking what t he grey Testament says and what the untested Testament says. This he does by also including the church building buildings reaction and the separate African churchs response before drawing an general final examination conclusion. This method which he is using is effective because it keeps the Western reader aware of the differences between the West and Africa approach to ethical problems. The Western and traditional African understanding of ethics has affected the ethical thinking of Christians. We need to budge our perspective of the church because the church is constantly growing and becoming stronger in other move of the world. To conclude his thoughts Kunhiyop offers an outline for decision making. He based this outline on five important principles God is the ultimate seat of morality. The Scriptures provide the only authority in matters of morality. Every aspect of life is subject to the laws of the Scriptures. The scriptures must be properly interpreted and the community of belief can provide support, responsibility and accountability. The world provides the boundaries in which we live out this morality and ethics (Kunhiyop, 2004).I very dont see any difference between Western Christian Ethics and African Christian Ethics. Kunhiyops point is actually what is profound these ethics. Understanding the different world views on Christian ethics paves the way for Western churches to be influenced by and to have a greater influence on the African churches and their day to day functions. It is important for Christianity to overcome the barriers of culture and language. We are after all loved by Christ heedless of ethnicity and the limitations of the human race. I regard it important to check off that even though the ethical values between the Western refining and the African cultures are similar, the traditions within the set framework of each group changes the interpretation and thus also the outcome of the ethical concepts. It is in this root that the key to unlocking Samuels thinking process lies. He understands, having been exposed to both African and Western culture, that these differences, til now subtle some may be, have an immense impact on the eventual interpretation of a persons set of ethical values. Christian ethics cannot be separated from its ghostlike foundation. The important thing is that God requires something of man and that He stands ready to reward the obedience and vindicate violation. God has something to do with the very meaning of obligation. This book explains these issues well. The Western world is now approach with a choice are we exit to practice the tools that will change us to bridge the rift between two very different obligingizations or are we going to sit back and do nothing? With the right understanding of Africans and how they interpret ethical values we can incorporate a set of Christian ethical values that will, without a doubt, expediency both parties (Kunhiyop, 2004).CONCLUSION The churches need to understand and interpret African Christian Ethics for them to survive in their communities. Let us think about this and understand where Kunhiyop comes from.BibliographyDavy T J 2010. HippoBooks African evangelistic Imprint. Online article http//bibleandmission.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/hippobooks-african-evangelical-imprint/, 15/01/2009.Kunhiyop S W 2004. African Christian Ethics. United States of America Hippo Books.INTRODUCTIONMust Christians become conglomerate in governing? In Romans 131-7 God is proclaiming that the governing belongs to Him. God also tells us that we must follow the governing of the day. Let us now extend and establish a link between the church and the produce.ASSIGNMENT 3Evaluate the practical value and effectiveness of the four factors of change in the church and res commona relations.Political FactorBishop Desmond tutu exclaimed,Now I am going back to the church to do the real subscriber line of the church and leave politics t o those well do to do it (Kumalo, 2009).When Nelson Mandela became the new president of South Africa that was then that there was an active agent popular development in South Africa. Bishop Buthelezi also made the same put forwardment on his farewell function. If we look at the church leaders we can see that most of these prominent leaders came from the political surround and then go over to the church. On the other hand the other side of the currency is also true, church leaders sometimes also join departments and commissions. We dont know if what the two theologians above said, made the church to go to bed from politics, but they do make us to think about the church and their leaders in South Africa.The Sociological FactorIt is true that Moslem politicians go to the Moslem community for their selects. In the Christian community the Christian politicians will go to the Christian community for their votes. The recent call by General Muhammadu Buhari from Nigeria that Muslims should vote only for Muslim candidates in the forthcoming elections in 2003 has generated a lot of controversy. It is important to understand why this is the case. The morality issue of Buhari could be defended from the point of view of his fundamental right. In other words, he has the freedom and fundamental right to take any position on any issue. The changing relationship between religious groups and the state opens up new challenges and new possibilities. More and more people of different religious groups are acquire intertwined and use each other to accomplish goals (Kofarmata, 2009).The economic FactorGod has not called Christians just to work in the church, but however he has called us to get involved with all the economical issues in the world. In any case, God is in us and not just in the church. The gifts of the sanctum Spirit that God has bestowed upon us and the concern from God, means get involved in identifying the causes of poverty. We can address these problem s and help the needy with the support of God. This means that it is not only the responsibility of the judicature, but a responsibility of the church. Christianity also means getting involved in politics so that the people can have a better life. Christians must try to create and provide on the job training for other people also encouraging them to find jobs. The African church specifically must get involved in politics and authorities. The church needs to machinate their people so that everybody can make positive contributions to our country and government (Kunhiyop, 200474).The Religious FactorAccording to McCain (2008) the last two decades of the twentieth nose candy have been known by for great detonation of Christian performance and Christian growth.Kunhiyop (200474) saidDuring the 1970s it was not red-carpet(prenominal) to hear Christians, especially Christian youth, praying for the nation, which was believed to be under the forces of darkness. All shadow prayer meeting s, abstinence and prayers for the nation were common in the church and parachurch organisations such as the one mentioned above.I want to say that the above is true, but the opposite is also true and if we as Christians dont wake up, we are going to miss the opportunity to have an influence in politics. People all over the world still think that religion in politics is a negative and harmful issue that needs to be avoided. We really need to change the way people are thinking and playacting in our country. We need to have transformation in our religion, having some objective lens value that can guide us. If we look at our political leaders when they speak, we must be able to say they are right or wrong, not from a political perspective, but from a religious perspective. The scriptures that we use must be not white or black, but the scriptures of the Holy Word of God. It is the absence of religion in politics that creates this huge gap in our society. We really have to be critica l in this analysis. What are we going to do as a nation? Can a nation damages to God? I think the question is, can we as a nation rise above our racial and dissimilitude issues and form one church? If black and white churches unite and stand together, the prayer and moderation for our nation will come back. The youth in this country will stand together and fight for religion and not for politics (MCain, 2008). expose between the concepts state, government, politics and church.StateA State is a self-reliant political driven place. A state has dominion which has internationally recognise boundaries and sometimes there can be quarrels over boundaries. A state has got the following in itPeople that are staying and living there permanently.A strong or weak economic structure.A government that must supply things like police services and public services.A state can enter into relations with other states.A state is a nation? Where there is a state there is a nation? giving medication s can change but a state can stay static and not change for a very long time. Most of the States have sovereignty over their countries so that other states cant interfere. In Somalia this very same thing happened due to civil war. Somalia was part of the cozy strife and because it had little authority outside Afghanistan, Somalia collapsed (Global Policy, nd).GovernmentA government can be seen as a body within the community or an organisation that makes and enforce the laws, rules and regulations. A government is committed to the promotion and protection of human rights and human dignity. They are there to establish a society based on democratic values and social justice. The government must lay the foundation for a democratic and open society which is based on the will of people and where every citizen is equally defend by law. They definitely have to improve the select of life of all the people supporting the government of that day. It is necessary to bring to pass a culture of peace and replacing a culture of violence and disregard for human life. For me, this is what a government must consist of (Kunhiyop, 200477).political relationPolitics is a need for the general public to have a representative in places other than the ordinary home or workplace. Candidates make themselves available to be elected through votes so that they can represent the people in different public and government organisations (Wikipedia, 2010).ChurchA church is a Christian religious organisation made up of a congregation, its members and clergy. The religious body is organised with constitutions and laws so that the church can function well. Churches often belong to a broader tradition within the Christian religion, like the Dutch Reformed church, sharing in a sense a history, culture and doctrinal rules with other church (Davies, 2009).Renwick and Harman (1958) said the following with regards to the churchhither we see the fulfillment of our Lords words that, although His king dom was like a food grain of mustard seed, it would yet become a great tree sheltering the birds of the air (Luke 1319). The small and apparently weak church became a properly organisation known throughout the earth. Its history shows its moral grandeur it shows, too, certain defects arising from human weakness and the love of worldly pompousness and power opposed to the spirit of the Master. WeTheories of African Christian EthicsTheories of African Christian EthicsINTRODUCTIONBefore I begin, let me first suggest to you the overall task of Christian Ethics. If I speak about ethics, I speak about Who we are, how we are to perceive our world and how we are to live in this world. This is the main crux of Christian Ethics. In this assignment I would like to demonstrate a working knowledge of African, Western and African Christian Ethics. I will also look at the differences between selected ethical theories.ASSIGNMENT 1Explain Western Ethics and evaluate the effect it has on our under standing of ethics. Underscore both the positives and negatives it has brought about in ethical thinking.According to Barnhill (2009) the Western tradition has four major approaches to ethicsThe first two listed (Utilitarian Ethics and Deontological Ethics) are modern developments and they dominate modern philosophy. He says that Virtue ethics is as old as Plato and is making a bit of a come-back. Natural law ethics is relatively popular among environmental ethicists.After reading his Environmental studies, I have come to realise the followingThis study speaks about goodness and badness. We can identify happiness with the good and sees virtue as a major part of happiness. We can explain that happiness and virtue should be detached. If we look at virtue it relates to good will, a good will is good in every circumstance and is absolute or unconditional good. It grows when you act for the sake of duty. A human action is morally good and is done for the sake of duty. Western Ethics show s us that an action can be motivated by duty and has moral worth. Not because of the results it achieved, but for satisfying a formal principle. The principle of performing ones duty, whatever it may be. People have impulses and desires and that is why the moral law appears to us as a law that we must obey. This impulses and desires is our only source for moral judgement. This is our free will. Our free will can create a moral law and we will obey it. The human mind is able to know what is good and evil. To have value judgement is born from inside of us. This is called your conscience. Most people recognize that man is free to make his or her moral decisions. On the other hand, all the things that we do wrong come from our human desires. Men and women should follow the will of God. Use the will of God to make certain decisions in life. There is a universal moral law, the knowledge to free ourselves from human desires. We are free to make good and sound moral judgements. In the appro ach of care and the community, too much Western Ethics has given individuals the right to think about themselves. We must build love and compassionate relationships among people. The full theory of ethics would have to accommodate all four aspects of Western ethics. One way to sometimes approach Western ethics and the influence it has on ethics is based on four aspects like rights, goods, virtues and our relationship with each other. We must look at the following questions likeDo our actions violate another persons rights?We must try to achieve good in life.Look at our integrity.Care for each other.Ethics and even Western Ethics can never be static and with Western Ethics there are certain frameworks and principles. We dont know whether Western Ethic has a future, but it really and most definitely do have a past. We can see that the patterns of the Western moral personality will continue to surface and really have to be dealt with, either through painful reflection or painful restru cturing (Kunhiyop, 200429).Define in your own words Contemporary African Ethics. Highlight its important characteristics.Kigongo (nd) says that Contemporary African Ethics is a combination of African ethical tradition and European ethical tradition.What better way to describe Contemporary African Ethics than the word Ubuntu. Ubuntu means that people are people because of other people. In Africa nobody can survive alone, we need each other to survive. I think that we are all searching and suggesting new directions which to follow in pursuit of African values. We can say that the foundation of African ethics is definitely a humanistic worldview. Everything about the community is seen to exist not just in the here and now, but also in the past, through those who have already gone and also in the future, those who have yet to come. It is the past that influence the present and the present the future. Why, we ask, has this worldview, with the emphasis on respect for all mankind, support and responsibility not travel through the whole world yet?You remember in the second paragraph I spoke about Ubuntu. Well, I can say that this worldview is expressed by the very society that lives according to it. If the community follows Contemporary African Ethics, they are living testimonies to their worldview. This worldview is worth reviving and respect for another, especially a stranger, is well known to communities in the south of the Sahara. With them a visitor was to be welcomed and feted, not suspected and resisted like in some of our communities (Kunhiyop, 200423-27).Africa is currently looking at a new future when it comes to African Ethics. Africa believes that its own worldview has so much potential and contemporary messages to give. Africa does not have all the above on record, but the culture itself speaks of enrichment and value. Definitely African values can be included in everything in life, for example in institutions of higher learning. The world needs more Cont emporary African Ethics (Kunhiyop, 200413).Identify the key aspects of African Christian Ethics.I hear what Okolo (nd) saysFirst, the African may well count himself fortunate to be blessed with such a basically sound and enduring religious and moral tradition. But this does not at all mean that the Christian religion based on Christs love ethic constitutes a mere superficial dimension in his moral life. The Christian religion means for the African fundamental changes in many of his cultural values and options such that a real conversion is required for him to be a Christian in the authentic meaning of the term and in its ethical implication.I think that the African society is in a moral crisis. The African are having an identity crisis and have shifted away from their value system. Their moral values they gave away for other value systems. In a sense the first aspects is the fact that they have betrayed the African value system by analyzing it with the socio-economic and political i mplications that are taken from all the different value systems. The second aspect for me is the fact that Africans are now abandoning their value system by trying to embrace other systems, namely liberalism and utilitarianism. The consequence of this above mentioned shift is that the African will no longer be known by what he is, but by what he has acquired by different means. The African have lost the sense of Who am I and this created the moral crisis in South Africa. If we look at virtue ethics, I think it could help us to redeem the African value system as well as every individual in South Africa. Virtue ethics is intended to provide a society in which people can live a meaningful life. There is a general agreement amongst the African people that the African cannot be defined except in the closeness of the community. We can see the closeness of relationship between the individual and the social nature of the African. The African system is not concerned with material issues it i s concerned primarily with human beings in their relationship with one another. It is like that, the community means that the community alone can constitute the context, their social and cultural space. Africans needs to find freedom and responsibility in themselves and also in other people in South Africa.CONCLUSIONWhether African Christian Ethics will start a different socio-economic and political arrangement remains a question that needs to be explored in-depth.BibliographyBarnhill D L 2007. Four Traditional Western Approaches to Ethics. Online article http//www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/barnhill/ES_375/ethics.html, 07/01/2009.Kunhiyop S W 2004. African Christian Ethics. United States of America Hippo Books.Kigongo J K n.d. The Relevance of African Ethics To Contemporary African Society. Online article http//www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-8/chapter_ii.htm, 13/01/2009.Okolo C B n.d. The African Experience of Christian Values Dimensions of The Problematic. Online article http//www.crv p.org/book/Series02/II-3/chapter_xi.htm, 13/01/2009.INTRODUCTIONThe Bible is an expression of Gods will to us and possesses the right supremely to define what we are to believe and how we are to conduct ourselves. In the book African Christian Ethics Samuel W. Kunhiyop gives us guidelines in biblical Christianity for Africa. Although Samuel Kunhiyops book does not deal exclusively with the role of the Bible, I will review his book to get to the core. We know that everything stays the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. To review a great Theologian like Samuel W. Kunhiyop, I dont think it is for me to comment on the way he wrote his book.ASSIGNMENT 2Write a critical book review of the course textbook Samuel Kunhiyop (2004), African Christian Ethics.In the introduction Samuel describes the need for writing this bookChristian ethics is often regarded the same as Western ethics, but they are really not the same. The two have become confused because Western missionaries did not bring a true and honest gospel but one that is different from the true gospel. Students who should be studying African Christian ethics are too often busy with the wrong ethical theories coming from the West. What should be taught in African theological colleges is an ethics that is African, biblical and Christian. That is what this book seeks to give to its reader (Kunhiyop, 20048-10).We can find a lot of information on African Christian Ethics through the internet and there is a lot of information for Western churches to use. Hippo books are so popular that they are used by many publishers and are well known throughout the world. Some of the publishers like Zondervan and African publishing houses also make use of Hippo books. Hippo books create an environment for the learner or student to get acquainted with all sections of Theology. Hippo books have got information and theories of many of scholars who share their knowledge and experience with us. Hippo books have got a vision to help with th e growth in all African churches so they can see their culture from an evangelical perspective. Hippo books also published African Christian Ethics which I am about to review (Davy, 2010).Samuel Waje Kunhiyop was previously the Professor of Theology and Ethics at ECWA Theological Seminary. He holds a Bachelor of Theology, Masters of Theology and PhD at Trinity International University, Illinois. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop was ordained by the Evangelical Church of West Africa as a minister. Currently he is one of the heads of the Postgraduate School at the South African Theological Seminary (Kunhiyop, 20044-5).The need for an interpretation of Christianity and all its aspects from an African point of view was necessary. One such aspect is the question of Christian ethics and how it is affected by Africa and its enormous cultural variety. Samuel identified the need to explore and explain the many questions that arose around the issue of African Christian ethics. According to Kunhiyop he sta rted in his life seeking to find all information and truths about African Christianity. He studies for 8 years in Nigeria for his undergraduate theological training and another 7 years in the United States for his graduate theological training. In 1993 he went back to Nigeria and has been teaching now there for 11 years. Samuel is a great teacher of the Bible, Theology, Ethics and Philosophy. In 1994 he was teaching to a group of students and after finishing with them he asked the students What did you learn from this course? One of the students stood up and answered with the words nothing. Samuel was stunned and because of that answer, he started to investigate and wanted to seek for the right answers. He realised that the information he gave through to the students did not pertain to them and their culture. He knew that he needed to do more for the students for them to succeed in life (Kunhiyop, 20048-9).If I can mention that it was very difficult to find the book in the library a nd Protea Bookshop gave an indication that it would take 10 weeks if I order the book. The book had to come from Kenya.When we look at the life of Samuel Waje Kunhiyop, we can see a Christian who believes in Jesus Christ as his personal Saviour. Although he did most of his studies overseas, he was born and raised in Africa. He wanted to help and assist African Christians struggling with their own situations and problems. He recognized that Africans, and even more so, African Christians, needed guidance in relation to the interpretation of their everyday personal problems within an ethical frame of reference (Kunhiyop, 20049).At first I didnt know what to make of the book African Christian Ethics. The book seemed extremely difficult to read, interpret and understand. Why might that be, I asked myself. Then I came to a conclusion. It was because I knew nothing about the Africans and their unique, intricate and diverse cultures. The only knowledge I have is about my own culture and roo ts. In Ethical Foundation Section one Samuel Waje Kunhiyop explains what African morality and the African culture consists of (Kunhiyop, 200411). It is wonderful to read about my fellow African inhabitants within their interesting context. The songs they love to sing and the stories they love to tell. Then suddenly, the way of the African opens up to you and you begin to understand everything. The style in which the book has been written became much easier to read and interpret. As soon as I caught the drift of things, I enjoyed reading the book immensely. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop has done a lot of research to get to the truth. He also incorporated Biblical content to support his findings and to better explain the interpretation of these findings from a Christian point of view.At work my responsibilities include informing the soldiers about HIV and AIDS. With the knowledge that I gained from Samuels book I can now understand the African soldier better. It also helped me in building bett er relationships with the soldiers, as I better comprehend their training of thought and understanding of Christianity. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop, through this book, opened up the eyes of many people, scholars and foreigners, although I think there is many more to explore and more information to gain. In South Africa a lot of African people are still confused and do not have identity. I can see that when I work with the youth in South Africa. The youth are lacking the strong morals and values they need to become better human beings in their communities and societies. The content of this book is magnificent and I would definitely encourage other individuals to read it and apply it to future situations with the African cultures.Let us explore the content of the book in detail to grasp the crux of what Samuel Waje Kunhiyop want to explain to us. I believe Kunhiyops work is excellent and I want to give him all the credit for this book.The book is divided into two sections, section one Ethica l Foundations, Chapter one, two and three deals with the theory of ethics, while section two Contemporary Ethical Issues, Chapter four to thirteen discusses practical issues. Issues that is so relevant that we can apply it in our daily lives. The issues are grouped in the following order, as given in the Table of content Political Issues, Religious Issues, Medical Issues, Welfare Issues, Financial Issues, Witchcraft Issues, AIDS Issues, Marriage Issues, Sexual Issues and Reproductive Technologies. Each chapter begins with a general introduction followed by the chapters dealing with the specific issues in that area. Samuel does not go into a detailed debate regarding War, rather, he looks at the wars and conflicts in Africa and then examines the Bible to find an answer (Kunhiyop, 20042).Starting with Contemporary African ethics, we can see that the African society does believe in God as the highest order and as the sole creator of earth and mankind. Secondly they stand under the auth ority of spirits and ancestors who are the leaders and instructors of good and evil. The distinct differences between morality and ethics are not acknowledged as they experience it as one with their religion. These assumptions are only written on paper as there is no documentary proof of the history or origin thereof. The growing up and teaching or learning through the elderly and community by word of mouth is their reference in life. Most important is the tribe, community and family rules for belonging and not to be a single individual with his or her own set of rules and regulations. Believing in the spirits and the ancestors justifies certain actions as long as you dont get caught and therefore has a deterrent effect on your family or community. They also believe that you must keep the spirits happy in order to be blessed and not to be cursed in life. Mostly the interaction between family (grandfathers, grandmothers, fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, ni eces and nephews) and the community (neighbors, friends, etc.) is a vital link to the forming of the African cultural inheritance (Kunhiyop, 200411-28).Secondly, while Western ethics were founded and applied by numerous leaders of the Enlightenment eras, it had different positive as well as negative impacts on society. One example that has a negative impact on the biblical views of the religious community is the privacy factor where a woman has the sole right to apply abortion if she wishes to. Furthermore I do believe that technology is good for anybody except where it is applied have a negative result to humanity (Kunhiyop, 200429-46).The reading and understanding of African Christian Ethics was very difficult. Samuel makes mention of many authors and in text citing. The English language he used in Chapter three to point out his facts is confusing as to get the history facts straight. What I do understand from this Chapter is that Samuel writes that Christian theology is the backb one of African Christian ethics and that it will be useless if the Scriptures are not part of the guidance to the rules of African Christian ethics. The Black African Christian has a rule of ethics whereby their ancestors are always consulted and is a part and parcel of their decision making. Therefore in their ethics within certain issues they leave out God in certain other issues they consult Him. He explains that African ethics is deeply rooted in the soul and that it becomes personal, influencing the mind, heart, body and spirit of a person. If a family member has got an issue, that issue will affect the immediate family, as well as their distant relatives. It will influence those who are living and those who are dead, but still interested in the affairs of the living. To understand the community is to understand African ethics. This is a critical tool and must be used when studying African ethics. These ethics are developed in interaction with the past, the present and the futu re, nothing or nobody can be excluded. God, the spirits of the departed, the ancestors and good and evil will always have an enormous influence on the morality of the people. Why, because they are African and full of culture. Although the Bible does not support the doctrines of demons, evil spirits and witchcraft, many Christians are unaware of what the Bible teaches on the subject. Christians believe the Bible also serves as an authoritative moral influence, thus in Africa there is no such thing as an ethical system that has no practical and religious implications. There will always be principles or rules that guide behaviour. These principles or rules are intertwined with practices of ethics and work nicely together (Kunhiyop, 200447-70).Samuel takes into account all the factors that are historically tied to the given topic and describes each problem in detail. In each problem he looks for a Biblical perspective on the issue, usually asking what the Old Testament says and what the New Testament says. This he does by also including the churchs response and the separate African churchs response before drawing an overall final conclusion. This method which he is using is effective because it keeps the Western reader aware of the differences between the West and Africa approach to ethical problems. The Western and traditional African understanding of ethics has affected the ethical thinking of Christians. We need to change our perspective of the church because the church is constantly growing and becoming stronger in other parts of the world. To conclude his thoughts Kunhiyop offers an outline for decision making. He based this outline on five important principles God is the ultimate model of morality. The Scriptures provide the only authority in matters of morality. Every aspect of life is subject to the laws of the Scriptures. The scriptures must be properly interpreted and the community of faith can provide support, responsibility and accountability. The worl d provides the boundaries in which we live out this morality and ethics (Kunhiyop, 2004).I really dont see any difference between Western Christian Ethics and African Christian Ethics. Kunhiyops point is actually what is underlying these ethics. Understanding the different world views on Christian ethics paves the way for Western churches to be influenced by and to have a greater influence on the African churches and their day to day functions. It is important for Christianity to overcome the barriers of culture and language. We are after all loved by Christ regardless of ethnicity and the limitations of the human race. I regard it important to note that even though the ethical values between the Western civilization and the African cultures are similar, the traditions within the set framework of each group changes the interpretation and thus also the outcome of the ethical concepts. It is in this idea that the key to unlocking Samuels thinking process lies. He understands, having b een exposed to both African and Western culture, that these differences, however subtle some may be, have an immense impact on the eventual interpretation of a persons set of ethical values. Christian ethics cannot be separated from its religious foundation. The important thing is that God requires something of man and that He stands ready to reward the obedience and punish violation. God has something to do with the very meaning of obligation. This book explains these issues well. The Western world is now faced with a choice are we going to utilize the tools that will enable us to bridge the gap between two very different civilizations or are we going to sit back and do nothing? With the right understanding of Africans and how they interpret ethical values we can incorporate a set of Christian ethical values that will, without a doubt, benefit both parties (Kunhiyop, 2004).CONCLUSIONThe churches need to understand and interpret African Christian Ethics for them to survive in their communities. Let us think about this and understand where Kunhiyop comes from.BibliographyDavy T J 2010. HippoBooks African Evangelical Imprint. Online article http//bibleandmission.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/hippobooks-african-evangelical-imprint/, 15/01/2009.Kunhiyop S W 2004. African Christian Ethics. United States of America Hippo Books.INTRODUCTIONMust Christians become involved in politics? In Romans 131-7 God is proclaiming that the government belongs to Him. God also tells us that we must follow the government of the day. Let us now try and establish a link between the church and the state.ASSIGNMENT 3Evaluate the practical value and effectiveness of the four factors of change in the church and state relations.Political FactorBishop Desmond Tutu exclaimed,Now I am going back to the church to do the real business of the church and leave politics to those well qualified to do it (Kumalo, 2009).When Nelson Mandela became the new president of South Africa that was then that there was an active democratic development in South Africa. Bishop Buthelezi also made the same statement on his farewell function. If we look at the church leaders we can see that most of these prominent leaders came from the political milieu and then go over to the church. On the other hand the other side of the coin is also true, church leaders sometimes also join departments and commissions. We dont know if what the two theologians above said, made the church to withdraw from politics, but they do make us to think about the church and their leaders in South Africa.The Sociological FactorIt is true that Muslim politicians go to the Muslim community for their votes. In the Christian community the Christian politicians will go to the Christian community for their votes. The recent call by General Muhammadu Buhari from Nigeria that Muslims should vote only for Muslim candidates in the forthcoming elections in 2003 has generated a lot of controversy. It is important to understand why this is the case. The morality issue of Buhari could be defended from the point of view of his fundamental right. In other words, he has the freedom and fundamental right to take any position on any issue. The changing relationship between religious groups and the state opens up new challenges and new possibilities. More and more people of different religious groups are getting intertwined and use each other to accomplish goals (Kofarmata, 2009).The Economic FactorGod has not called Christians just to work in the church, but however he has called us to get involved with all the economical issues in the world. In any case, God is in us and not just in the church. The gifts of the Holy Spirit that God has bestowed upon us and the calling from God, means getting involved in identifying the causes of poverty. We can address these problems and help the needy with the support of God. This means that it is not only the responsibility of the government, but a responsibility of the church. Christ ianity also means getting involved in politics so that the people can have a better life. Christians must try to create and provide on the job training for other people also encouraging them to find jobs. The African church specifically must get involved in politics and government. The church needs to educate their people so that everybody can make positive contributions to our country and government (Kunhiyop, 200474).The Religious FactorAccording to McCain (2008) the last two decades of the twentieth century have been known by for great explosion of Christian activity and Christian growth.Kunhiyop (200474) saidDuring the 1970s it was not uncommon to hear Christians, especially Christian youth, praying for the nation, which was believed to be under the forces of darkness. All night prayer meetings, fasting and prayers for the nation were common in the church and parachurch organisations such as the one mentioned above.I want to say that the above is true, but the opposite is also t rue and if we as Christians dont wake up, we are going to miss the opportunity to have an influence in politics. People all over the world still think that religion in politics is a negative and harmful issue that needs to be avoided. We really need to change the way people are thinking and acting in our country. We need to have transformation in our religion, having some objective value that can guide us. If we look at our political leaders when they speak, we must be able to say they are right or wrong, not from a political perspective, but from a religious perspective. The scriptures that we use must be not white or black, but the scriptures of the Holy Word of God. It is the absence of religion in politics that creates this huge gap in our society. We really have to be critical in this analysis. What are we going to do as a nation? Can a nation return to God? I think the question is, can we as a nation rise above our racial and discrimination issues and form one church? If black and white churches unite and stand together, the prayer and fasting for our nation will come back. The youth in this country will stand together and fight for religion and not for politics (MCain, 2008).Distinguish between the concepts state, government, politics and church.StateA State is a self-governing political driven place. A state has territory which has internationally recognised boundaries and sometimes there can be quarrels over boundaries. A state has got the following in itPeople that are staying and living there permanently.A strong or weak economic structure.A government that must supply things like police services and public services.A state can enter into relations with other states.A state is a nation? Where there is a state there is a nation? Governments can change but a state can stay static and not change for a very long time. Most of the States have sovereignty over their countries so that other states cant interfere. In Somalia this very same thing happened du e to civil war. Somalia was part of the internal strife and because it had little authority outside Afghanistan, Somalia collapsed (Global Policy, nd).GovernmentA government can be seen as a body within the community or an organisation that makes and enforce the laws, rules and regulations. A government is committed to the promotion and protection of human rights and human dignity. They are there to establish a society based on democratic values and social justice. The government must lay the foundation for a democratic and open society which is based on the will of people and where every citizen is equally protected by law. They definitely have to improve the quality of life of all the people supporting the government of that day. It is necessary to construct a culture of peace and replacing a culture of violence and disregard for human life. For me, this is what a government must consist of (Kunhiyop, 200477).PoliticsPolitics is a need for the general public to have a representati ve in places other than the ordinary home or workplace. Candidates make themselves available to be elected through votes so that they can represent the people in different public and government organisations (Wikipedia, 2010).ChurchA church is a Christian religious organisation made up of a congregation, its members and clergy. The religious body is organised with constitutions and laws so that the church can function well. Churches often belong to a broader tradition within the Christian religion, like the Dutch Reformed church, sharing in a sense a history, culture and doctrinal rules with other church (Davies, 2009).Renwick and Harman (1958) said the following with regards to the churchHere we see the fulfillment of our Lords words that, although His kingdom was like a grain of mustard seed, it would yet become a great tree sheltering the birds of the air (Luke 1319). The small and apparently weak church became a mighty organisation known throughout the earth. Its history shows i ts moral grandeur it shows, too, certain defects arising from human weakness and the love of worldly pomp and power contrary to the spirit of the Master. We