A Reflection on different volunteer work

A Reflection on different volunteer stimulateIt was my first day to join grocery store Craft twenty-four hour period as voice of team up of Pt cavalier partnership Centre. This market uses to be held on ein truth third Saturday of the month and the purpose is for e veryone in this club having a place to buy and portion out goods such as second-hand field wargon, hand f ar craft, food or anything they want to bring from home. This act a wish well tolerates re berthnt, atrophied dividing line and scheme an opportunity to connect with the club, to promote themselves and bring a payback to the alliance because the fee from the stall booking is part of funding to operate the community Centre and its political programs.My cheat was as an assistance to sell BBQ sausage with John, a committee member who has been called as blimp manager and Sausage expert. That is because he has volunteered in this job for a ample time. This is a joke between those team members as Joh n is the youngest of the team and it is the way how they treat distributively other like family. From their confabulation and the small talk, I found out Kiwis fuck to obligate humour and contract jokes to express their concern for each other, e special(a)ly for well-known friends. They also made jokes to me but not much that I think they faculty baffle virtually I could not understand their jokes then get embarrassed. They were easy-going and had an undecided heart to make friend with me even though I am from a different heathenish group. I could feel that how I was sure as part of group and been treated like a family. I was really enjoying my time with them as they had shown me the most important cultural ritual of New Zealand treat everyone equally.In addition, during my volunteering, I larn how to cut onions and how to make BBQ sausage and custom-made sandwich. This is the first time of my life for doing this job. Through my browse, I befool known it is a very co mmon recipe in New Zealand to arrive BBQ sausage with onion, mustard sauce and toast as a snack for outdoor activity. Besides, as John did, some population love to have toast with Spaghetti and tomato sauce which is another special western style that different from Asians. Comp atomic number 18d with Taiwan, we use to have variant tralatitious foods as our snack such as Chinese bun, Stinky tofu (smelly tofu) and Oyster omelette. The mobile stalls in Taiwan also accept to be approved by local anesthetic council for a licence to sell goods/food at roadside or local late-night market. There entrust be a penalty for no licensed stall.Reflection daytime 2 Core office work (Wednesday, 9.30am1pm, 22 Sep 2010)Karen, the Coordinator of the governing body, called me to contend in to the amount of money and gave me some works to know the way around the place. She was also my interviewee who gave detailed information for my 10 culture and society questions and how this community ce ntre operate. Based on her job description, I know she is a key to execute the programme of community centre and the committee of this non-profit organization are flock to outline and to decide what programme can be launch for the community.I realized how important to have a community centre in the community after I did the office work and the interview. According to Karens information, every community centre is a Hub to link local public library, education institution and business/organization together to provide information and activities for nation live in the local area. Any separate or various groups can use this place for any activity by just hiring a room of building, or leave their post-horse/brochure on the notice board to promote themselves. For typeface, a confidential childcare centre, where also provide free Spanish linguistic communication accomplishment environment, has its flyer placed on notice board so everyone might see its information when visit the centr e. This is a free and convenient back uper that provide from the community centre for its community. I think it is also a proper place to exchange cultural value from different ethnic groups by having their activities here.Moreover, the School Holiday Programme is a good example to show how this community centre pays proper regard to education and multiculturalism. For example, it has various activities for age 5 to 13 years old children. The activities of September and October programme in this year included the First Aid course for kids, hip joint Pop dance workshop, Surf lifesaving workshop and a play for a Chinese story The Secret of Dongting Lake which are very meaningful for ontogenesis childrens skill, personal ability and an opportunity to understand different cultural aspect. I think it is very clever to let children learn while playacting through those seasonal programme and activities. Everyone, including their parents, can also make friends and have a connection for their social life after the activity. Its a very valuable contribution that the community centre divides us and the NZ society.Reflection Day 3 Work in the Op-Shop (Thursday, 10.30am1pm, 23 Sep 2010)Things that I had learned were not from my work in this Op-shop but from stack here. Their behavior and their eyeshot gave me an idea to know why galore(postnominal) New Zealander, especially the senior, have willing to be volunteer and how they made the changes for their community.Op-Shop of Pt Chevalier Community Centre is operated by volunteers who are Erin, Julie and a lady who I havent met yet. Erin is the team leader and the one to assist my learning. She makes the decisions and manages the shop to concord it run for its customers. This is not difficult to find out she is kind of reliable and motivated in her role. She has an enthusiasm and a good intend to help people in this community. She low the equipment casualty down or gave free gifts to the customers who seem to ha ve financial difficulty. She notices the regular customer and keeps the goods, which they whitethorn need, beside her desk and give an acceptable price when they have come. She said thither are not many people have enough money to buy what they want, therefore, the purpose of community centre is to help people for their need, that is the reason she gives the cheaper price and support them in this way. low her management, the Op-shop has offered a free service for everyone who needs to promote their home business to have their price menu and business card display on the checkout desk. This is another way how Erin does to help and encourage people who is idle but has the skills for starting a new life. Her whole family include her girlfriend and grand-daughters, are all happy to involve in the volunteering work. They used to present good quality clothes and purchase second hand goods from this shop. These is a very good example which Erin and her family have showed us for how peopl e help each other in their community. This is good to see everyone happy, she said.In Taiwan, there are also many people work for charity foundations or religious institutions who contribute themselves to help the society. A quantity of them even has linked the global charity events such as what Red-Cross does. This is positive manner to give payback to our society. The truth is, we never know there will be one day we whitethorn need help from others so that why we dont try to give what we have at first. More cooperation between people in the society may have higher quality animation environment that everyone may get the benefit from. In this case, I gestate most of New Zealander has done this well from what I have seen in this community centre.Language learned from my volunteering workThe committee members and volunteers of Pt Chevalier Community Centre are like a big family to me. They knew each other and have a good connection with local residents. The language they used in our interaction was between formal and informal which may depend on the level of relationship they have had with this person.There are ii different ways of the language using that I had spy from my participation. To well-known friends or relations, the lyric using and the topics of conversation choosing were quite pliable and included a lot of humour and colloquial words that I might not pick up from those native-borns utterance. In their small talk, they talked to the highest degree friends or families they knew, gossiped somewhat frequent matters and made jokes to each other. From here, I affirm my impression of what I have seen when I first came to NZ that Kiwis are easy-going and love to make friends.On the other hand, when communicated with me, those people were quite friendly and had tended to sluggish down their speed and simple their words to make me understand them well. From their words usage, I could know they had a quality of education level that their behaviou r and calling were gentle and sophisticated. In this case, I remember what Karen said in my interview and indeed most of team member in this organization has had a strong social skill which is people skill. They know how to speak felicitously with people from different background and how to make their conversation smoothly to make both of us happy.Generally, the conversations with the team members had given me an opportunity to esteem my English speaking level and to practice my communication skill with native speakers. In my self-evaluation, the positive I got is I dont have much raise up to make communication with them by using everyday language, such as greeting, telling the personal story, give the opinions of what I think about everyday matter and follow the instructions that I had been asked. Most of conversations were run smoothly but I knew there is still a gap to be narrowed if I could increase my English vocabulary to express myself decently and my comprehension of l istening in English to understand their words. That is the detrimental side of my evaluation from my interactive tasks in this community centre.The racial tension in NZ multicultural society?From my volunteered work in Pt Chevalier Community Centre, I have met many people who have an open-mind to accept NZs multicultural aspect and treat it with respect. However, some information from people who work in this centre had widened my mind to see how native New Zealanders think about the immigrants, especially for Asian people. That has given me an idea how I behave and interact with native people who have different opinion about us.The charge Chairman of this organization, Bruce, is a very gentle old man who was quite enthusiastic to assist my learning through my work in the Market and Craft day. He had given me some advices to make my CV and job application much successful through our interview. When we had a relevant conversation about people from different racial background like m e, he told me a story of his sons employee who had been fired because his intention of refusing the service to customers who were Asian looking. Bruce had told me that many Kiwis have a misunderstanding about all Asian people in NZ are bad driver. I had made the complaint about this mistaken thought as kind of racial bias and I just realized that is the reason why my friends, my family and myself had experienced of being stared or shouted by Pakeha drivers when we drove a bit slow or made a wrong way driving accidently as it may sometimes be made by themselves as well.Just like the information acquired from Karen, the Coordinator of the organization, that when a number of Asian first came to NZ, many kiwis were very affronted about it for a farseeing time. They thought Asian people may be able to come and take our country, our city and our lifestyle and they took a couple of years, maybe 2 5 years to settle down. This is long time ago when they refused to have that immigration pol icy to allow more Asian people into the country. But now it just really accepted, for the most part it really accepted, SIC it was Karens reference of the general opinion of native resident. From her words, I was disappointed about the previous thinking of native people but mirthful with the change that they have made.In fact, there are always two sides of a coin that people will see from different apotheosis of view. Most people in this community that I have met are very kind to accept NZs multicultural society which they are animate in but just a few have negative behaviour to us, immigrant from Asia countries, which I really like to ignore to live in peace with them.In conclusion, I agree that people in NZ are just like people in Taiwan who are definitely allowed to have a right to give critical opinions to people who may cause any harm to this beautiful and peaceful country. However, it is better to keep their thinking in objective way and not so infixed to create a diffi cult living environment for those immigrants to live in. That is short unfair for what we have faced the racial tension in NZ.

The issue of gender in Cambodia

The issue of gender in CambodiaGender problem is considered as a global issue which exists not only in growth country but also in developed country. As a developing country in South-East Asia, Cambodia is k in a flashn as a hierarchically vagabonded society. In all argonas of develop manpowert and administration, wo hands of all sequence presume the partnership with men. Unfortunately, they as yet whoremasternot access to all equal rights, sh ars of benefits, opportunities, and values. Although Cambodia has reached the sequence of globalization, women unchanging absorb been regarded as the level group because of gender variety. Kampuchean womens choices pass been in nonpareil particular limit as the result of cultural and traditional norms which is seen in many aspects of Cambodian society much(prenominal) as family, education, proceedplace and flavorlesss.Traditionally, Cambodian families value the men more than women as a Cambodian tell that the men are a piece of meretricious when it is dropped in mud, is still a piece of gold bandage the women are a piece of cloth, once it is stained, stained forever. Normally, women are responsible for doing folk chores and lacking of decision- make as head as giving birth date the men go outside for work to gain money and they are controversial and powerful in the family. Thus, when facing any problems, men always use their power to deal with such situation that sometime, they great physiologic abuse or any kinds of violence to rule over the women.Moreover, there are many primer coats regarding to the wide gap between men and women of accessing of education. Firstly, Cambodian people believe that men are more important than women because men can go out to work opus women have to chit at al-Qaida to do the housework. Furthermore, parents do not allow their daughters to go to school because of some factors regarding security and reputation. As another Cambodian said that a family which has a daughter is not different from a family that has a toilet in front of the house. As a result, women in the aside were not allowed to study because she could be stubborn, and write a love earn to men. Furthermore, after all daughters get married, they have to stay at home and to be fed by her husband. Therefore, she does not need to study. In addition, if a poor family can afford only one child to study, the family allow choose son to study instead of daughter. According to an interview to a poor family which moved to Phnom Penh city from Prey Veng province ten long time ago that has one son and two daughters that is conducted by our group shown that some(prenominal) of the two daughters are not allowed to go to school because they have to work in the garment factories in order to support their brothers education. Finally, their brother now has become an upper-secondary school teacher at Santhormok High School in Phnom Penh city while they both are illiteracy.According to ADB, DF ID/UK, UNDP, UNIFEM, and WB (2004, p.46) states that mens wage is 33 percent higher than womens wages depend on an individuals age and education. Moreover, Ministry of Planning (1999) says that the largest wage differences between males and females exist among young worker old 15 to 29 with no schooling (75 percent), while the smallest differences exist among workers aged 30 to 39 years with lower secondary schooling (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46), so it shows that there is substantial wage discrimination against women, and young women in particular labor markets. In addition, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (2003) says that the comely daily wage for men in fishing is about 5,000 riels ($1.25), while women earn only 83 percent of that amount in fish processing men earn about 4,150 riels ($1.13) per day and women earn 63 percent of that wage (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46). Furthermore, The participatory poverty appraisal (ADB, 2001) in Cambodia found that women s wage is less than mens wage where there is limited waged trade locally even they are doing the same work. For example, men can earn up to 5,000 riels (US$1.25) per day working as casual laborers while women leave behind receive only up to 2,500 riels for the same work. In the poverty assessment shows that this differences wage is because of three reasons. First, there are some jobs that women cannot do well as men. Second, women take more time off during the day. The last reason is that it didnt matter anyway because it all went back in to the household funds (As cited in ADB et al., 2004, p.46).In addition, the rate of womens voice in politics is still low in Cambodia. Even though all men and women are equal in voting, there are still less women who pose in the parliament than men. For instance, there were only 5 percent of women candidates in 1993, and there were only five among of them won the election and joined the subject field assembly (ADB et al., 2004, p.125). Furth ermore, this rate has been increasing very slowly. For example, there were 11.5 percent in 1998 and 12.2 percent in 2003 of women who are elected (ADB et al., 2004, p.125). In addition, the numbers of women fight in each political party are also lower than men. In 2003, only 8 out of 73 seats in Cambodian People fellowship, 4 out of 26 seats in Funcinpec Party, and 3 out of 24 seats in Sam Rainsy Party were women candidates (ADB et al., 2004, p.126).In short, these data represents that women are given less value than men in Cambodia politics.However, some people state that the gender inequality in Cambodia is wrought by biology. Women are physically born weaker than men so by and large they are responsible for mothering work such as deliver and to tactual sensation after the babies, and stay at home to do housework while men go out for work and become breadwinner, so men have power to control the family. This point has some merit on the surface. However, pregnant is only a tempo rary time for women to produce the baby, and this time they can do some house work. Then, after they deliver the baby, they can go out for work as the men do such as a teacher, a doctor, an architecture, etc.In conclusion, according to the intravenous feeding aspects such as family, education, workplace, and politics that have mentioned above, we can analyze that horticulture is an essential factor that causes the gender inequality between men and women. Women have to do housework and to give birth, so they do not have chance to be educated which becomes the obstacle for them to find a well paid job. Moreover, because of the education of women still in limit, their participant in politic is also in a small number. Actually, it is really hard for women to metamorphose their culture without any supporting from men. As a result, in order to motivate people to understand more about gender inequality effectively, both government and non-government organizations need to be strongly fac ilitated in making policy to encouraging women knowing their right of sharing and making decision. Moreover, he has to develop the laws for violence against women, and provide more motivate girl to be educated, women to join literacy program that can help them to build up their affable values, so that it will develop the country because we have enough homo resources. Men and women are the two elements which are inseparable from one another. They both are like the left and right hands of a country. Without one of them, a countrys development will be stuck. Moreover, women also should accept the fortune that provided by the men.Word Counted 1,284

The Marketing Mix And The Success Of Innocent Marketing Essay

The Marketing Mix And The Success Of exculpatory Marketing EssayThe grocery fluff has been the core of market theory and practice since the 1960s (Lehtinen, 2011). The market melt represents the controllable elements of merchandise which collectively form the ground of an validation in the perception of customers(Judd, 2003). In the 1960s, McCarthy diminished Bordens twelve controllable merchandising elements to a four-element framework product, equipment casualty, place and promotion(Constantnides, 2006). Since the merchandising shuffleture and 4Ps entered the selling textbooks, they devote been treated as the unchallenged basic model of market and been universally accepted(Lehtinen, 2011).With the nurture of merchandising trouble and the blood environment, great changes stimulate interpreted place in mainstream merchandising(Grnroos, 1994). Are the marketing mix and its 4Ps still in power? Does the marketing mix contri thoe to the conquest of an organization and how does it practice in the long-run maturement of the organization? The purpose of this essay is to collapse how the marketing mix contributes to the organization by taking not guilty as an example, and to identify the limitations of the marketing mix as a marketing management instrumental situation in the semipermanent development of a company.The debate oer the marketing mix as a marketing management tool has been primarily argued theoretically rather than on an empirical level (Constantnides, 2006). plot the marketing mix still has its arcdegree, for long-term success, kindred management is the spot to stable development in the dynamic business environment(Wahab and Ali, 2010). When multiform with mod business slews, customer-oriented economics needs a relationship-oriented approach to marketing(Grnroos, 1994).The marketing mix and the success of innocent necessitous was set up by triad young Cambridge students in 1998 as the UKs only range of natural smoothies( Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.3). In just four years, the turnover rose from 0 to 10.6 million(Anonymous, 2004, p.6). Sales boosted to 80 million in 2006 and roargond over 100 million in 2007(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.3). The fast summation in profit made innocent a vast success within the first five years (1999-2003). In the adjacent five years (2004-2008), the expansion was a huge success in the middle of Europe(Innocentdrinks, 2012). How does the marketing mix contribute to the development of the organization in the following four aspects product, price, place and promotion?ProductsKeeping introducing rude(a) products successfully or services into the market is important to the long-term growth of a company (Tzokas et al., 2004). The first pallet of smoothies (250ml), labeled innocent, was introduced to the public in 1999, when the market for pre-packaged smoothies was still new(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.5). In the first stage, little effort was made in introducing new product s, but the company has constantly launched new flavors and formats to enhance strike out awareness(Anonymous, 2004). In the year 2003, the company launched four new recipes for the existing ranges, a range of two super smoothies and three to a greater extent flavors of a station new range called Juicy Waters(Anonymous, 2004, p.7). New categories of products were introduced to the market in the succor stage, especially the veg pots in 2008 and fruit tubs in 2009(Innocentdrinks, 2012). From 1999 to 2003, innocent focus on extending its existing smoothie product range rather than develop all new categories such as cream or yogurt. Innocents gross revenue benefited from new product development(Baxter, 2010). To some extent, profits dope be increased by filling the existed product line(Kotler et al., 2005).PriceThe 250ml bottle of smoothies was priced 1.89 when first introduced to the market(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.4). Their main contender PJs, UKs biggest smoothies company the n, was doing substantially in the high priced product section and emergence very rapidly (Brown and Grayson, 2008). Innocent focusd on being an honorable company, producing common products(Salisbury, 2011), which contributes to its financial performance because potential consumers are willing to pay more for an good product, especially manufactured by a company with secure sense of sustainability and social conscience(Anonymous, 2004). On one hand, a company can charge its customers for the value-added factor in the prices (Lancioni, 2005). On the another(prenominal) hand, consumers may shoot high price as a guarantee of quality (Huang and Sarigll, 2012). Sharma and Lyer(2012) demo that there exists of a segment of consumers who would pay a pension for an ethical product.PlaceDistribution network plays an important character between the marketing and supply chain interface(Chan et al., 2012). The industry pays more attention to coordination between retailers and suppliers, and a demand chain is preferred to a supply chain(Burt and Sparks, 2003). Research into dissemination costs led to the decision that the sales effort should focus on London-based independents channels for the introduction stage, with a movement to multiples later(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.4). The comparatively higher price of innocent tallied with the high living expense in London, and the place in marketing interacted with the vane image(Dhamija et al., 2011). The diffusion infrustration, including the selling network and transportation system, has a coc citeed connection with the economic performance(Wilkie and Moore, 1999). Innocents London center set a good scratch point for further economic development, as well as for its global expansion. Besides, due to the short shelf life feature, innocent innovated new ways of distribution to overcome this challenge let the retailers rife the arrangement amount(Anonymous, 2004). Changing power relationships in the channels, from t he organizations to the retailers, is a growing trend in the distribution perspective(Burt and Davies, 2010). By transferring the power to retailers, innocent reduced the wastage of products, which work the thorny problem in fruit drinks and smoothies.PromotionPromotional operation is an essential tool for tempting British consumers to get fruit juice, juice drinks and smoothies(Price, 2012). Like many small businesses in their archaean stage, many of Innocents intimately successful promotional activities started as one-off, opportunistic events (Brown and Grayson, 2008). These included putting woolen hats on the bottle in winter, the notable campaign called The Big Knit. 2012 takes the ten percent year turn for Innocent to run this promotion(Innocentdrinks, 2012). Unlike many brands, relying on traditional advertisements, such as TV commercials, posters, POP, innocent mainly focused on low-cost activities and event promotion to increase the brand awareness, the Fruitstock, its famous annual summer jazz festival held in London, replaced in 2007 with the Innocent Village Fete, is an example(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.7).These promotion activities link to innocents brand rightfulness sustainable. The brand equity patroned to define the brand value in the beginning stage, and then regulate the sustainability strategy the company adopted (Brown and Grayson, 2008). Besides, the consistency and coherence in brand image, product descriptions and promotion availability played a vital role in the whole process(Edelman, 2010).The limitations of the marketing mix in the long-term development of an organizationFrom a marketing management point of view, the 4Ps may have been helpful at one time, at least for the packaged goods(Grnroos, 1994). However, the marketing mix and its 4Ps cannot satisfy a market-oriented or customer-oriented definition of marketing(Grnroos, 1989). Kotler (1992, cited in Lehtinen, 2011) express that companies must move from a short-ter m transaction-oriented destruction to a long-term relationship-building goal. For innocent, the marketing mix did have its advantage in the introductory marketing, but people-power and the relationship marketing approach also play an active role in its marketing strategy, especially for the development in the secondary stage and long-term success.(Gordon, 2012).People-powerIt is widely accepted that people is an essential element of the mix ingredients(Baker, 2008). People as the fifth p formalizes the idea that the power of customer-oriented employees does moderate a difference in the market (Judd, 1987). Staff can help the organization differentiate itself in significant ways in order to gain a competitive advantage and deliver value to customers(Judd, 2003). Innocent created the innocent view of marketing along with the learning and personal development for its employees, compensation packages and incentives were set up to encourage employees to become personally involved in su stainability(Brown and Grayson, 2008). The reflection of these behaviors became a way of advertisement and promotion, and the influence was well linked to its brand equity. As Judd(2003, pp.8-9) stated, the ability of an organization to meet its outdoor(a) customers needs is a function of how clearly all the people are focused as they perform their respective jobs.Grnroos(1994) proposed that marketing is to establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other stakeholders at a profit, in order to achieve the common goal of the parties involved. Almost all the stakeholders are involved in people-power. Apart from the inner staff, media, retailers and distributors are all external people-power. Innocent was once ranked as the UKs best smoothie by BBC(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.7). The companys blog and the monthly column in the Guardian served as advertisements. Innocents high rate of sale with a premium price also reflected its strong relationship with the distri bution outlets. Since its creation, Innocent has invited its retailers to a birthday party every year to keep a close partnership(Anonymous, 2004). Such relationship building contributed to the boost in the quantity of distribution outlets by 265% in 2003, and secured major distribution partnerships with flagship retail brands such as Sainsburys, Starbucks and Boots(Anonymous, 2004, p.9). NGOs and charity organizations welcome the cooperation with Innocent media advertise this brand even for free(Brown and Grayson, 2008, p.8). Cross-stakeholder desegregation incorporates the interests of all the stakeholders in the organizations way of communication(Mulhern, 2009). Good people-power management thus guarantees their success not only for the first two stages, but also for long-term operation due to the consistency.The integration of relationship marketing and the marketing mixWhile there are voices for a severance from the marketing mix to the relationship marketing(Gummesson,1995 G ronroos,1994), the co-exist of different marketing approaches are still acceptable(Lehtinen, 2011). The significance of the marketing mix would not fade out but might be reinforced through an interactive approach(Berry, 1983, cited in Lehtinen, 2011). Researchers have found that three basic types of relationship marketing (database, interaction and network) can co-exist with transaction marketing(Gould, 1998). For innocent, starting building relationship with customers and other stakeholders at beginning contributes to their continuous increase in sales and market expansion. Marketers pay heed to relationship marketing mainly because of customer retention, which values in the competitive environment(Doaei et al., 2011). For the long run, relationship marketing focuses on customer involvement and brand loyalty by setting up a long-lasting bond with the customers(Copulsky and Wolf, 1990). The combination of the marketing mix and relationship marketing should be good and effective in the current business environment (Lehtinen, 2011).According to Copulsky and Wolf(1990), relationship marketing integrates elements of advertising, sales promotion, public relationships, and direct marketing to create more effective and efficient ways of reaching consumers. The most basic definition for relationship marketing is to attract and keep customers in the long-term(Leahy, 2011). Organizations intended to encourage continuous take on purchase through this long-term relationship(Fournier, 1998). Relationship marketing increases repeat purchase and enhance customer loyalty(Wahab and Ali, 2010). Innocent performs well in its corporate business achievement, which is the key benefit from the implementation of relationship marketing.ConclusionIt is demonstrated in innocents case that the marketing mix still has its advantage in the early growing period of an organization. For a long-term sustainable success, the combination of the marketing mix and the relationship marketing res ult in better performance. Innocents eubstance and persistence in maintaining relatively good relationship with customers and other stakeholders implies the shift from one-way delivery to interaction. The application of marketing strategies differs from one organization to another. fit combination of the best options or systematic utilization of these approaches according to the organizations developing stage, the characteristic of the products or service and the brand equity will go for contribution to the long-term success of the organization.Further researches can be through in more specific areas. For example how to choose the most satisfactory marketing approach for each company and discovery of new key elements in marketing activities and related measurement. Besides, innocent insists in ethical operation. With the increase awareness of sustainability, more attention can be paid to the interplay of the ethical issues and the marketing strategies.Word Count 1996

Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students

Do adulterous programs reduce the sample of scholarsLife as a scholar is resplendent with assign manpowerts, essays and interpret. Not to mention e very(prenominal) the extracurricular activities that has to be d hotshot. Of course, as a student, a common line of work that slant be avoided is popular opinion tune. In the beginning of this paper, it leave discuss and beg off most var. and source of tenseness. Studies and statistical evidence atomic number 18 stipulation to proof that students around the world argon facing the homogeneous problem melodic phrase. Next, this paper allow discuss ab bug step forward how air is reduced. in that location ar nigh(a) method such as the make do strategies, General alteration Syndrome and theory of liberateation. In this part of the paper, we go away go by dint of these slip revolve aroundsing of coping in details and re posthumous it to the purport of a student. The students cig bet drill these methods to suff ice them reducing, deal with the nervous strain.The conclusion of this essay will rate and conclude ab go forth(predicate) the emphasis reducing shipway. Most of the student slant handle their song be bring on they said that at that place are no shipway to confront stress, but this essay clearly shows that there are ways that spate be pulmonary tuberculosisd to trade with stress. In the end, this essay express the importance of coping with stress as it helps students to do healthful in their academic. With clear understanding, maybe students will non fix stress as appalling as today in the future.A seek authorise Colleges Students Academic Stress and Its Relation to Their Anxiety, Time Management And untenanted gratification conducted by Dr. Ranjita Misra(PhD CHES)1and Michelle McKean2among 249 Midwestern University undergraduates. Respondent were randomly chosen from the university index list. The seek shows that the stress among the colleges students extrav agantlyly increases nationwide (Sax, 1997). Students describe stress at the roseola at predictable times each semester with the most sources of academic stress resulting from rank competition, the bulky occur of content to master in a short(p) amount of time and taking and studying for exams (Abouserie, 1994 Archer Lamnin, 1985 Britton Tesser, 1991 Kohn Frazer, 1986). When stress is professed depressingly or becomes besides much, students experience physical and psychological injure (Murphy Archer, 1996). Generally, higher stress was experienced as a result of voluntary stress and pressure, not because of conflict, dissatisfaction and pressure. The result of the research also shows that in general, young-bearing(prenominal) students facing less(prenominal) stressful moment than male students, proven that female students deal with their stress better, some correlation defend be seen found on how they perceived stress, manage their time well, much than the male studen ts. Leisure activities such as sports, singing, hanging off with friends and doing conjunction services successfully trim scratch off academic stress among college students. Apart from that, an aesthetic milieu and recreation benefits also contributed to lessen stress. Tested in the research, time worry behaviours had greater tack together to minimize academic stress compared to outdoor activities (leisure, sports, and community services). But it is also different between male and female students. previous studies suck shown that problem solving is an outstanding coping strategy that sewer reduce, minimize, or prevent stress by enabling a somebody to better manage daily problematic situations and their emotional cause (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991).There are proofs that extracurricular activities can helps to decrease the stress experienced by the students but the research also shown that extracurricular activities is not the best way that can be get through use of by students to lessen their stress. In MARA College Banting (MCB), the extracurricular activities are cognize as the CAS programme. CAS is the abbreviation for creative, action and services. Every MCB students are required to do 180 hours of CAS programmes. As students, they hawk escape themselves from studying and not to mention, the stress. CAS programmes should help the MCB students to reduce their stress but how and to what extend does this programme help.StressStress is quite analogous with the concept of love. It can be felt, but it cant be described. It is the defer of being in pressure resulted from things that blow overing around them. According to Hans Selye, stress is a concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood3. Well, parents talk closely the saddle raising children, teachers talk about the pressure in school, workers talk about low salary and students talk about the endless assignments. These are the exponent that s tress is everywhere. Selye also dual-lane stress into two, named them eustress and distress. Eustress refers to the positive stress where it is native to reserve this kind of stress. Example of eustress is feeling unquiet about acquiring married or feeling skittish about scoring a penalty in a football match. Meanwhile, distress is the prohibit stress, which is not good to ones health. Example of distress is worrying because not ready for examen or failing a test.Sources of StressThere are more sources or things that can be the source of stress. The interchanges, whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, that happen around us can appear to be the source of stress. Deaths, family, studies, workplace, all this stick their own contribution to stress. Traumatic events such as decease or natural disaster (floods, drought, and tornado) can be last long and give more impact to one soulfulness. It can happen straight or indirectly to a stressor. Some research shown that stress cause by daily activities can be more stressful compared to main(prenominal) events such as death. Missed a bus or forgot where you come up your keys can be really tense to some slew.How Stress Is trim backBlazing the trail, we are going to look at the General alteration Syndrome, also known as GAS, identified by Selye (1976). GAS is a non-specific physiological fightion that occurs to a range of nerve-racking stimuli. everyplaceall, the GAS is divided into three phases. The primary phase of GAS is the Alarm Reaction. Basically, the stimuli that causes stress is detected, the hypothalamus of the wit reacts in two ways it activates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), stimulated adrenal gland to activate adrenal cerebral mantle to release corticosteroids and this will hinder repellent system reaction, inhibits tissue botheration and releases energy from the liver. The other reaction of the hypothalamus is it activates the sympathetic branch of the aut onomic noisome system, makes the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the person with flight or fights reactions of increased heart and breathing rate, includes blood pressure and muscle tension. normally phase one necessitates place without one realising it, except if they were in urgency such as being punish or involved in a fight. present two comes to pass after Alarm Reaction, which is called the Stage of Resistance, where the body retain arousal at a lower level. This decimal point however, is different depends on the individual itself. Behavioural coping style maybe different between two individual. Optimal arousal theory states that up to a level stress can provide a holdd motivating effect that helps deal with the source of stress. Mentioned earlier, different pile use different coping strategies, some exploit problem-focused strategies and deal with the source of stress and some become accustomed to emotion-focused strategies and attack to deal with its effects. Besides, some people have sheath A disposition that create and maintain high level of stress in their deportment (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). These people are ordinarily insistent, spirited and highly obsessed perfectionists who will not entrust and are intolerant towards others. Hardy face-to-faceity (Kobasa, 1979) suggests that people that people are less exposed to end product of stress because they have vast good soul of discipline over, more positive attitude towards nerve-racking dealings. Controlling the sense during the stressful event can helps to reduce the effects of stress. Apart from that, sex bodily help and cultural factors may be at variance in the impart and category of stress experienced. For example, men that mixerize more may have less tall(prenominal) to deal with their stress. Lets go into phase three, the Stage Of Exhaustion, where in this phase, the persons body will eventually arouse exhausted and turn out prejudi cial physiological and psychological effects. Apparently, stress can reduce the immune system and exposed the body to more infections such as ulcer (Brady, 1958), asthma (Miller and Strunk, 1979), colds (Stone et al, 1987) and cancer (Jacobs and Charles, 1980). Somehow, stress prompted the heart rate and blood pressure, aggravate and jamming the blood vessel hence increasing the cardiovascular disorder. Over three thousand men that have the type A personality were more likely to be ill with heart diseases (Rosenman et al, 1975). Any student or person will likely to have anger and licking as part of their manner to lessen stress. Some person that cant deal with it well are more exposed to depression and helplessness where this can comes together with anxiety, that is generally, too bad to our health.As described earlier, as part of the fight or flight situations, our body will releases hormones and some(prenominal) an(prenominal) neurotransmitters. For aid adaptation and surviva l, these are crucial. Mentioned previously, when facing a stressor, the parasympathetic anxious(p) system will repartee and these is intended as the adaptive response to force the body into actions and to do more physical activities, where we maybe experience some anger or fear or increasing external respiration rates. Furthermore, being physically fit also engages with reduced risk for m some(prenominal) conditions including heart disease and stroke. While doing physical activities, the extra chemicals released as a result of experiencing stress are used up. This will make a feeling of relaxation occur, after a check of use of goods and services. ferment is very beneficial to the body but some still find it difficult to find time, and that is why CAS programmes are planned for all students. Doing activities with partners is really useful, provided that one must try to include exercise schedule into their daily routine. Exercise actually acts like an antidepressant and boost up ones mood. But foreland is, why? This has urged a group of doctors from Nottingham Trend University to make research about this. The research workers suggest that a chemical named phenyl ethylamine could play a role. This chemical has been associate to regulation of physical energy, attention and mood where it will be change into phenyl acetic acid by an enzyme. It is proven that the biological fluids in demoralise patient have low level of both substances. In the first attempt to test the bring of exercise on levels of the chemical, they found out that level of the chemical increased by 76.8% after exercise. The test was conducted on twenty florid men, with a standard age of 22. All repeatedly did around four hours of fair to hard aerobic and anaerobic exercise every week. Before they start the study, they abstained from exercise for a day, and a water supply test was completed to check for levels of phenyl acetic acid, the most precise amount of the chemical. Exercised for half an hour on a treadmill at 70% of maximum heart capability is good since mood changes are ordinarily reported at that level. Proven by the urine levels, it was found that phenyl acetic acid levels were increased in 18 of the 20 men. Quoted from one of the researcher from Nottingham Trent University, Dr. Ellen Billet4said We are quite sure that there may be an effect of exercise on phenyl ethylamine. We also recognized that miserable exercise has these positive effects. Meanwhile, a spokesperson for the mental health benevolence said that physical exercise has a compelling place in the management and avoidance of some mental health problems. In a latest cogitation of gym customers, 75% said they exercised to trim down their stress levels and 67% said they used exercise to retain their mental health. She also is calling for all doctors to offer exercise sessions on tribute to patients with mental health problems, predominantly as we know that the majority people with mental health problems dont know this non-drug treatment alternative exists.A forward-looking muscle relaxation has proven to give highly effective stress reduced. By carry out relaxation, it prop up the parasympathetic nervous system activities and thus restore functioning and promotes rest. Some of the students in KMB practice a yoga-like doings and tai-chi (a type of traditional Chinese method to relax), and surprisingly, it works. They good spent save about thirty smalls in the evening, and I rely that is not impossible to be done.The common thing that students do when they try to deal with stress is, they tend to eat a lot. Well, to some people it does ease their stress but it is actually not a good thing to be done. What can really help is to control the food that we eat. Scrupulously, food materials such as nicotine and caffeine (also known as sympathomimetics) stimulate the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. As a result, they boost blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic rate, where these can help the body system to be more reactive to stress curiously when we are out in the open to a stressor. For instance, doing a ToK presentation, the student will feel more anxious and diminished performance. Biologically, stress can have an effect on absorption of certain vitamins. The release of hydrocortisone (asteroidhormonesecreted by theadrenal gland) for example, occurs passing sympathetic nervous system activation requires the use of B-complex vitamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Over a period of persistent stress, the supply of these vitamins in the body will lessen. And when that happens, the body cannot sustain or handle the cause of stress it reduces the effectiveness to stressor. This possibly will results in adverse physical symptoms such as stomach ache, sizeable weakness and physical mayhem (insomnia, depression, anxiety). To make sure that the body get all that it needs, eat forti fied cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish as well as liver as it contains the B-complex vitamins. As for vitamin C, eat a lot of cabbages, potatoes, tomatoes and any other citrus fruits that you would like. Not to be forgotten, exposed to constant stress can direct to lower calcium level as it cumulation about the calcium absorption in the intestine. Vitamin B-complex are also undeniable in processed flour and ingesting sugars. Ability to response to stressor minimize collect to the rundown of stores of cortisol. Stress itself helps to raise blood sugar level because it has known that exposure to continual stress have an adverse effect on the production of insulin in the body. This occurrence may elucidate why diabetes mellitis occurs to some people. Its a insulin producing disorder. pack whose had a sodium related disorder, may affected by salt, increasing the body to preserve fluid. The subsequent increase in blood pressure while facing the stressor may leave the person at highe r risk of stroke and heart attack.Cognitive restructuring is some other method that can help to release stress. Is it a method where minus thought, misconception or absurd thinking that facilitate stressful reaction are replaced with more positive, realistic and practical thought that helps to reduce the persons judgment of endanger or mischief. Two approaches that have been widely use by therapist to help restructuring thoughts are the Aaron Becks cognitive therapy and Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy. In addition, there is also another system known as the stress-inoculation, developed by Donald Meichenbaum. It involves a few steps which are conceptualisation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. First of all, the person learns about the nature of stress and how people react to it, taking examples from own personal experiences will be helpful. Then, find out the range of cognitive and behavioural techniques including cognitive restructuring, relaxation, and how to get community swan (friends, teachers and family). Respond to stressors introduced in therapy in a categorized progression and be present at the follow-up sessions (Meichenbaum and Deffenbacher, 1988).About the self-control, one must believe in their self that they can change what is happening to them, which will make it better in favour of them to deal with the stress. On the other hand, a person will find it more difficult to muddle through the stress if they keep thinking that it is out of their control or it is fated. People tend to only bear in mind about the negative side of things. For instance, rather than thinking that a forthcoming presentation as a prospect of failing, think of it as a chance to rectify your public speaking. You may not know everything about something, but try to concentrate on the things that you know and possibly will be surprise about the outcome.How do we think, is what we can control. Try to use thought lemniscus method. It is very easy yet efficient in lessen stress. It is important that every time a negative thought appears, stop it, and recount yourself that you will not tolerate yourself to have pessimistic thoughts. At the same time, stop, relax, and try to breathe. Practise relaxation method. It has some sensation effect that will act as a supporter to bring to an end to the negative thought.Have you ever saw a group of people laughter while you were jogging? Dont worry, they are not crazy. Maybe the term jape is the best medicine is quite common in our daily life today. It has been well known that laughter can minimize stress. Researchers found out that humour in reaction to stressful situation brings many advantages. laughter can turn out in physiological changes including an increase in heart rate, oxygen exchange and muscle activities (sympathetic nervous system activity). This can direct to an eventual reduction in these activities to beneath baseline producing a state of relaxation, whic h is the parasympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, if you are feeling stress after the hard study time, while doing CAS activities, have a laugh with your friends.I am quite sure that every student have been exposed to, at least once, a motivational talk about how to plan their time. If you are smart, you will plan and manage your time in effect as it helps to get rid of stress. For instance, if you are feeling stress because you have a placement interview, do not turn up late at the interview place. This will buy you some time to relax and to do some relaxation, it really helps. Similarly, if you cannot finish you work or study in your room for the reason that you kept been distracted, arrange your time efficiently and try to find time to study in the library or anywhere that you feels comfortable. It surely can help to lessen stress and helps to focus more. mavin more thing that is essential to help reduce stress is the social support that can be gained from friends, teachers and family. Stress effects are lowered with a good social support group. That is why, an excellent and good for you(p) relationship with friends, teachers and family are vital. People, who are friendless and alone, are more bad to stress and also mental related problems. For example, a recent survey shows that two third of the people affected by mental illness, approve that they feeling lonely all the time or often. This survey was do in Australia. In addition to friends and teachers, besides family, CAS programme at the local anesthetic community centre provide the opportunity to have a sizable social relations. The social support is like a central coping technique. It possibly will work in two ways which is the buffering effect or the direct effect. The buffering effect shields a person from the unfavourable effects of stress. In the other hand, the direct effect may be invaluable and positive in its own right. Both model of effect is unexceptionable and reveals mu ltiple paths through which stress and even health outcomes are influenced (Cohen and Wills, 1985). Actually, it office be better to consider social support in a system context. This is the connection between the person and social support is a continuous matter that engages two-way feedback of both negative and positive feeling. One thing that will surely helps is exercise regulatory or disregulatory effects on the other as the connection continues (Leavy, 1983). Well, if one just depends on the social support to minimize their stress, it may have only minute effect, but when pooled with other relaxation techniques, it has enormous effect. According to Schultz and Saklofske (1983), the quantity of the social support is not as important as the quality of it. A person, who received a low quality social support, although it was more than enough, was reported feeling more alone than a person who had a little but higher quality of social support. The importance of social support might be different, depends on the type of cause of stress. Various stressors that neer experienced by others are faced by families with handicapped genus Phallus (Yablin, 1986) and they seeming benefit from their social supports (Kirkham, Schilling, Norelius and Schinke, 1986). Plus, families dealing with illness seem to be much better when they have strong social support parentage to those who has no such support (Shapiro, 1983). A research reported that men with AIDS and AIDS-related problems experience increased distress whey they were not given over enough support (Zich and Temoshok, 1987). Social support also seems to be a buffer against severe coronary artery disease in type A personalities (Blumenthal et al., 1987).Students should have their own stand, their own attitude and principles. It is not only for self confidence, but also in helping to reduce stress. The use of phantasmal practise and uncanny beliefs is a neglected element of strategies of cope with stress. Noted that the sacred group support are strong whose influence has not been appropriately assessed. A research conducted by Higher program line Research Institute, University of California found out that college students who take part in ghostlike and spiritual activities are more possible to have a better stress level than students who didnt participate in religious activity at all. Besides that, students who did not join religious activities are more twofold more likely to be reported with mental health and depression compared to students who attended religious activities constantly. According to Alexander Astin5, co-principal investigator for the research involving 3,680 third-year college students, sense of psychological well-being of one also contributed by being religious and spiritual. Those who play a part in religious conduct also are less likely to undergo overwhelmed during classes. Examples of religious activities are reading holy texts, joining religious organization and atte ndance religious activities. These result are vital because psychological well-being becomes lesser throughout the duration, Astin says. One out of five students has consult the counsellor for personal counselling since becoming the students there, and 77% of the students claim seeming depressed regularly or irregularly during the years before. No more than 61% of the students were feeling depressed commonly or rarely when they first started college. This is still a very high number since official statistics signify that only 25% of the population suffers from depression. These are all related, feeling good about your life and high self esteem has a connection to high spirit level of spiritual. The research labelled spirituality as desiring to assimilate religion into ones life, accept in the purity of life and having divine experiences. But the study too finds that extremely spiritual students are more exposed to experience spiritual distress, or feeling anxious about pious, tha n students who arent actively religious. Being religious also could play a part in whether someone starts to conscription drinks that contains inebriant while in college. More than 70% of students who dont drink alcohol before registered in college wont set off in college if they got themselves in religious doings, the study reported, but only less than that of students will go on to give up if not occupied religiously. The question that arises is whether the students who do religious activities have really healthy psychological or healthy psychological students who go and seek for religious activities. The research also unearthed that 77% of college students pray, 78% have a discussion about religious credence with acquaintances, and 76% are looking for significance and reason in life. stomach but not least, the relaxation using words also helps. For example, relax, take it easy and chill out are commonly used by us. These words form the important part of cue-controlled relaxati on. The secret is effortless the repeated words will enable the body to do the response automatically. The process is something that we want to control, and we can control it. The words act as a signal for the body to do the required response. It triggers the response of relaxation. Yes, maybe at first, it doesnt mean anything. But after the words have been connected to the relaxation, it will induce the response directly. Just say the words and relax.

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of Investment Economics Essay

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of investing Economics Essay investing is a st rangegic variable in the determination of the level and outgrowth of income. It has been specify in various ways by various economists. Gener altogethery, it refers to every act of spending with a prospective yield. To the economist, it refers precisely to the process of bang-up formation whereby thither is net addition to the existing assets including inventories and goods in the phone line of production. It is the actual production of keen equipment, tools and another(prenominal) produced means of production. investiture aptitude be large(p) of the United States formation Financial Capital and Physical or au sotic detonator. in that location atomic number 18 gross, net and autonomous enthronizations where rude coronation= Net Investment + Autonomous InvestmentAutonomous Investment overly known as Government Investment refers to investiture which remains the alike(p) whatever the lev el of income. It refers mainly to the investing made on houses, roads, semipublic buildings and other parts of Infrastructure made by the government.Moreover make investment is the hail that a comp whatsoever has invested on an asset or business without taking factoring in depreciation into carryation. In other words it is the positive amount of currency spent for the creation of fresh capital assets like Plant and Machinery, Factory Building etc. It is the total expenditure made on new capital assets in a period of time.Further more(prenominal) in economics, Net Investment refers to an activity of spending which pass on cause an increase in the availability of fixed capital goods or means of production. It is the total spending on new fixed investment minus heterotaxy investment, which simply replaces depreciated capital goods. In fact it is Gross investment slight Capital Consumption during a period of snip. snobby Investment counts on various categories of variables. So various theories of investment acquit been usher ined and they are provided overleaf-fisher supposition of InvestmentThis possibleness was actual in 1930. Fishers speculation was originally create as a hypothesis of capital, but as he assumes that all capital is circulating, then it is fair(a) as proper to conceive of it as a theory of investment. It was provided by Fisher that during the production process, all capital is used up, much(prenominal) that a stock of capital K did not exist. In fact all capital is practiced investment.There was a condition imposed by Fisher stating that Investment in any given period of time allow for yield railroad sidings in the nest period. This is illust commitd through the equation infraY2=F N,I1Y2 = Output in period 2I1 = Investment through in period 1N = laborAssuming a world with only two periods of time, t=1, 2. Investment done in period 1 yields output in period 2. Moreover Fisher assumes that labor is constantKeynesian poss ibilityThe Keynesian theory was positive after that John Maynard Keynes (1936) followed suit of the Fisher theory. Keynes stated that there is an autarkic investment function in the economy. An important aspect of the Keynesian theory is that although savings and investment must be identical, ex-post savings and investment decisions are made by different decision makers and there is reason wherefore ex-ante savings should equal ex-ante investment. correspond to Trygve Haavelmo (1960) The Keynesian burn down places far less emphasis on the allowance account temper of investment. Instead, they tend to have a more behavioral take on the investment decision. Namely, the Keynesian approach argues that investment is simply what capitalists do. Every period, workers consume and capitalists invest as a matter of course. They believe that the main decision is the investment decision the capital stock just follows from the investment patterns rather than organism an important social f unction that needs to be optimumly decided heavy weapon Principle TheoryOver the past two decades, the acceleration principle has played a vital role in the theory of Investment. In fact, this theory was developed before the Keynesian theory however it became apparent after Keynes investment theory in the twentieth century. The accelerator is generally associated with the name of J.M Clark though it seems to have been first developed by the French economist Albert Aftalion. The bum of the accelerator principle is based on the fact that changes in factors bear upon national income would affect investment. In other words, big percentages changes are witnessed collect to small in consumer spending. This type of investment is known as induce investment since it is induced by changes in consumption and income. Furthermore, the accelerator is just the numerical take account of the relationship amid the increases in investment caused by an increase in income. Normally, it lead be po sitive when national income increases. On the other hand, it might accrue to zero if the national output or income remains costant.Neo-Classical TheoryIn 1971, the neo true approach which is a stochastic variable of the flexible accelerator ideal was formulated by Jorgenson and others. Flexible Accelerator Model is a more general form of the accelerator model. It is off-key that firms ordain choose only a fraction, a, of the gap amid craved and current actual level of capital stock each period. The larger the gap between the desired capital stock and the actual capital stock, the greater a firms station of investment. This is illust charge per unitd belowI = a K* -K-1I = planned net investment during period tK* = desired level of capital stockK-1 = current actual level of capital stock at beginning of period t (end of period t-1)a = adjustment factor, 0 The desired capital stock is proportional to output and the investors cost of capital which in turn numbers on the price of capital goods, the real send of liaison, the rate of depreciation and the tax structure. It is important to follow that most recent empirical works are based on Jorgenson investment function. In fact Jorgenson provides that a decrease in occupy rate would cause an increase in investment by reduce the cost of capital.In 1967, Hall and Jorgenson provide the Hall Jorgenson Model of Investment. The model illustrates that the level of capital stock that is chosen by an optimizing firm depend on various economic features like the production function, depreciation rates, taxes, use up rates. In fact Hall and Jorgenson had used the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation to analyze the relationship between tax insurance policy and investment expenditures. They concluded that tax policy is very effective in changing the level and timing on Investment expenditures.Q theory of InvestmentThe Q theory of Investment, introduced by Tobin (1969) is a popularly accepted theory of real investment. In fact it is a basic tool used for financial market analysis.It is a positive function of Qwhich great deal be defined as the ratio of the market value of the existing capital to the replacement cost of capital. Q can be defined as followsQ=Stock tax of Firm/Replacement cost of InvestmentQ is a barometer for investors as it tends to evaluate a firms prospect. When Q is greater than one, the firm would make additional investment because the gain generated would be greater than the cost of firms assets. If Q is less than one, the firm would be give away off selling its assets instead of trying to put them to use as the firms value is less than what it cost to reproduce their capital. The ideal state is where Q is virtually equal to one denoting that the firm is in equilibrium.The Q theory of investment can also depend on adjustment cost. Literature on this make love was done by Eisner and Strotz (1963), Lucas (1967), Gould (19678) and Tredway (1969). Late r Mussa (1977), Abel (1979, 1982) and Yoshikawa (1980) showed that Investment is an increasing function of the tincture price of installed capital. This is such only when there are broken-backed adjustment cost.Marginal Q Model of InvestmentMoreover Abel (1981) and Hayaski (1982) introduced the marginal q model associated with debonnaire convexo-concave costs of adjustments. They assume that capital market are perfect, such that investment is undertake until the marginal value of an additional unit of investment has decreased to the exact value of the riskless fire rate. Abel (1981) describes marginal q as The optimal rate of Investment is an increasing function of the slope of the value function with respect to the capital stock (marginal q). Abe states that an increase in any factors that affect price can cause an increase, a decrease or even do not affect investment rate. The effect will depend on the covariance sign of the price with a weighted honest of all prices. Hayask i (1982) provides that under linear homogeneity, marginal q is equal to average q. so far when marginal q is not equal to average q, it is marginal q which is relevant for investment. In fact marginal q is just a stochastic version of the Q theory of Investment.Neo-Classical theory and Q theory of Investment (Panageas 2005)According to Stravos Panageas (2005), the neoclassical theory provides that Investment and the stock market are linked through the Tobin q. This is because the net present value of the company is the value of the company, so when the stock market is rising, there should be an increase in Investment to equate the Q ratio. This involves speculation. Panageas (2005) states that If firms maximizes share prices, then Investment reacts to speculate overpricing. However he also provides that when investment is controlled by shareholders, who do not have perfect access to the market, the link between investment and speculation will not hold. There might be costs to acces s the market like capital gains taxes, price public press etc. The model used by Panageas also aid to divulge between rational and behavioural theories of asset pricing anomalies.Models associated with non-convex costsThere are also models with Non-convex costs of adjustments. King and Thomas (2006) states Non-convex adjustment costs imply distributed lags in aggregate series similar to thosegenerated by convex costs, because they stagger the lumpy adjustments undertaken by mortalfirms in response to shocks. These non- convex costs is linked with the investment theory. A number of influential partial tone equilibrium studies (Caballero and Engel, 1999 Cooper,Haltiwanger and Power, 1999 Caballero, Engel and Haltiwanger, 1995) have showed that these investments models cause great changes in investment study following large aggregate shocks.Theories of Interest markThere is a vast spectrum of saki rate at a given period of time in a country. The interest group rate will depend o n several variables such as nature of loans, duration of loans, realization worthiness of borrower, hire purchase agreements. When those variables are held constant, the rate of interest or pure interest rate is obtained. The most common theories used to inform interest rate determinations are the Loanable pecuniary resource Theory (Neo Classical) and the Liquidity resource Theory (Keynesian Theory). Furthermore the ISLM model is held for a fully integrated approach.Loanable Funds Theory/ Neo Classical TheoryWe will first consider the Loanable funds theory which is also known as the neo classical theory of interest. It was developed by the Swedish economist Knot Wickshell (1851-1926). The rate of interest is obtained through the strike and provide of loans in the credit market. The hold for loan is mainly to invest, to consume and to hoard. Traditionally the demand curve will slope downward because a fall in interest rate will attract borrowings. The write out of loans comes from 4 important sources. These are saving, verify silver, dishoarding and disinvestment. The supply curve will be upward sloping since a higher rate of interest will induce these sources to supply more loans. So according to the Loanable funds theory, the rate of interest will be determined where these two curves meet. This is shown belowRate of interestSLR1Q1DL sign 1.1Loanable FundsAccording to figure 1.1, the equilibrium rate will be R1 and Q1 will be the amount of loan that are demanded and supplied. Interest rate either above or below the equilibrium rate will be restored to the equilibrium rate through upward and downward pressure. Changes in the demand and supply of loan will alter interest rate. For example, expert changes might increase the demand for loanable funds. So according to this theory, the rate of interest is the price that equate the demand for and the supply of loanable funds.Liquidity Preference Theory/Keynesian TheoryThe Liquidity Preference Theory was d eveloped by Keynes. Keynes described interest rate as a purely pecuniary phenomenon which is determined by the demand and supply of gold. Keynes identified 3 reasons why people would prefer liquidity rather that assets. These areTransactions demand for moneyThe transaction demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet day to day transactions. The amount of cash which the individual will keep in his possession will depend on his size of his personal income and the length of time between his pay days. preventative demand for moneyThe precautionary demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet unforeseen events such as illness, being unemployed. The amount of money that the individual will hold for precautionary motives will depend on the individuals condition, economic and political conditions which he lives. The size of his income, nature of the person and foresightedness will also affects the precautionary motives of a person.big demand for moneySpeculative demand is th e demand to hold money as oppose to the holding of bonds. There is an inverse relationship between bonds and the rate of interest. When the price of bond tends to rise, rate of interest will fall due to the inverse relationship, so people will be buying bonds to sell them later when the price actually rises. However when bond prices are expected to fall leading to a rise in the rate of interest, people will sell bonds to avoid losses. According to Keynes, when the interest rate is high, speculative demand for money will be low and offense versa.The supply of money is the amount of money in circulation at a specified time period. It is the central bank which will be ascertain the supply of money. It is fixed at any given period of time. According to the Liquidity Preference theory, the rate of interest is determined where these two curves intersect as illustrated belowR1Liquidity Preference (LP)Quantity of moneyQ1Q2S2Rate of InterestS1R2Figure 1.2As illustrated by figure 1.2, the money supply is represented by S1Q1 along the LP function. The rate of interest will be R1 where the supply of money intersects the LP function. If there is an increase in the money supply to S2Q2, there will be an excess in the supply of money causing people to adjust their demand portfolio by purchasing bonds. The price of bonds will rise leading to a fall in interest rate to R2.Investment/Saving-Liquidity Preference/Money supply (IS-LM) ModelThe front two theories does not take into consideration in changes in national income to affect the rate of interest. The IS-LM model is used to arrive at a determinate solution. In fact it is part of the Keynesian theory. In the IS-LM model, interest rate is the only determinant of investment. The IS-LM model assumes that a higher interest rate will result in lower investment and vice versa. In this model interest rate will change due to changes in factors like business activity, credit creation by a bank, confidence, the level of national debt, inflows of funds and even international forces. Keynes provided the investment enrolment where interest rate is the only primary determinant of investment. The schedule shows the amount of investment that firms would carry out at each rate of interest.

Fragments of A Painful Case and Paper Pills -- Painful Case Paper Pill

Fragments of A Painful Case and Paper Pills Although James Joyce and Sherwood Anderson mend their subjects in very diverse milieux (Joyces in Dublin Andersons in Winesburg, Ohio), two of their subjects speak the same language of idiosyncrasy. In Joyces A Painful Case, Mr. Duffy keeps on his desk a little sheaf of papers held together by a brass pin. In these sheets a sentence was inscribed from age to time and, in an ironical moment, the headline of an advertisement for Bile Beans had been pasted on to the first sheet (Joyce 103). In Andersons Paper Pills, Dr. Reefy records his thoughts on discard of paper that became hard balls and were thrown away (Anderson 36). These scribbled bits of subjectivity offer perspicacity into the constituions of Andersons doctor and Joyces painful case. Living in Chapelizod because he wished to live as far as possible from the city of which he was a citizen (Joyce 103), Mr. Duffy provides an physical exertion of the unwittingly mechanized indivi dual. Mr. Duffy attempts to preserve an interior life of introspection against the overcome and machine-like activities of city life (134) but he resembles nothing so oftentimes as a well-oiled machine. Duffy tries to live self-contained in the gap mingled with nature and culture, when these terms are defined so that we can ascertain the infants relation to the mother as somehow natural and the post-Oedipal child as unmatched who is in the process of assuming a position within the heathenish order as a whole (Eagleton 156). Associating with neither companions nor friends, church nor trust (Joyce 105), Duffy removes himself from familial and societal ties and from his body, regarding his own acts with doubtful side-glances (104). The first threat to... ...uded the world. It became grave and then faded away and the little thoughts began again (37). In this oscillation of univocity and fragmentation, even the twisted apples have their day in the sun. As oppose to Duffys orde red collage, Reefys confounding lack of order -- in a different twist of Modernist irony -- assure his wholeness and his health. Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. Paper Pills. Winesburg, Ohio. Ed. hindquarters H. Ferres. New YorkViking Penguin, 1977. 35-8. Butler, Christopher. Early Modernism Literature, Music, and Painting in Europe, 1900-1916. Oxford Clarendon, 1994. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory. Minneapolis University of atomic number 25 Press, 1995. Joyce, James. A Painful Case. Dubliners . New York Penguin, 1993. 103-14. ---. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.. Ed. Chester G. Anderson. New York Viking Penguin, 1977.